CHAPTER IX.

THE FIRST WOMAN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION.

In the spring of 1847 we moved to Seneca Falls. Here we spent sixteen

years of our married life, and here our other children--two sons and two

daughters--were born.

Just as we were ready to leave Boston, Mr. and Mrs. Eaton and their two

children arrived from Europe, and we decided to go together to

Johnstown, Mr. Eaton being obliged to hurry to New York on business, and

Mr. Stanton to remain still in Boston a few months. At the last moment

my nurse decided she could not leave her friends and go so far away.

Accordingly my sister and I started, by rail, with five children and

seventeen trunks, for Albany, where we rested over night and part of the

next day. We had a very fatiguing journey, looking after so many trunks

and children, for my sister's children persisted in standing on the

platform at every opportunity, and the younger ones would follow their

example. This kept us constantly on the watch. We were thankful when

safely landed once more in the old homestead in Johnstown, where we

arrived at midnight. As our beloved parents had received no warning of

our coming, the whole household was aroused to dispose of us. But now in

safe harbor, 'mid familiar scenes and pleasant memories, our slumbers

were indeed refreshing. How rapidly one throws off all care and anxiety

under the parental roof, and how at sea one feels, no matter what the

age may be, when the loved ones are gone forever and the home of

childhood is but a dream of the past.

After a few days of rest I started, alone, for my new home, quite happy

with the responsibility of repairing a house and putting all things in

order. I was already acquainted with many of the people and the

surroundings in Seneca Falls, as my sister, Mrs. Bayard, had lived there

several years, and I had frequently made her long visits. We had quite a

magnetic circle of reformers, too, in central New York. At Rochester

were William Henry Channing, Frederick Douglass, the Anthonys, Posts,

Hallowells, Stebbins,--some grand old Quaker families at

Farmington,--the Sedgwicks, Mays, Mills, and Matilda Joslyn Gage at

Syracuse; Gerrit Smith at Peterboro, and Beriah Green at Whitesboro.

The house we were to occupy had been closed for some years and needed

many repairs, and the grounds, comprising five acres, were overgrown

with weeds. My father gave me a check and said, with a smile, "You

believe in woman's capacity to do and dare; now go ahead and put your

place in order." After a minute survey of the premises and due

consultation with one or two sons of Adam, I set the carpenters,

painters, paper-hangers, and gardeners at work, built a new kitchen and

woodhouse, and in one month took possession. Having left my children

with my mother, there were no impediments to a full display of my

executive ability. In the purchase of brick, timber, paint, etc., and in

making bargains with workmen, I was in frequent consultation with Judge

Sackett and Mr. Bascom. The latter was a member of the Constitutional

Convention, then in session in Albany, and as he used to walk down

whenever he was at home, to see how my work progressed, we had long

talks, sitting on boxes in the midst of tools and shavings, on the

status of women. I urged him to propose an amendment to Article II,

Section 3, of the State Constitution, striking out the word "male,"

which limits the suffrage to men. But, while he fully agreed with all I

had to say on the political equality of women, he had not the courage to

make himself the laughing-stock of the convention. Whenever I cornered

him on this point, manlike he turned the conversation to the painters

and carpenters. However, these conversations had the effect of bringing

him into the first woman's convention, where he did us good service.

In Seneca Falls my life was comparatively solitary, and the change from

Boston was somewhat depressing. There, all my immediate friends were

reformers, I had near neighbors, a new home with all the modern

conveniences, and well-trained servants. Here our residence was on the

outskirts of the town, roads very often muddy and no sidewalks most of

the way, Mr. Stanton was frequently from home, I had poor servants, and

an increasing number of children. To keep a house and grounds in good

order, purchase every article for daily use, keep the wardrobes of half

a dozen human beings in proper trim, take the children to dentists,

shoemakers, and different schools, or find teachers at home, altogether

made sufficient work to keep one brain busy, as well as all the hands I

could impress into the service. Then, too, the novelty of housekeeping

had passed away, and much that was once attractive in domestic life was

now irksome. I had so many cares that the company I needed for

intellectual stimulus was a trial rather than a pleasure.

There was quite an Irish settlement at a short distance, and continual

complaints were coming to me that my boys threw stones at their pigs,

cows, and the roofs of their houses. This involved constant diplomatic

relations in the settlement of various difficulties, in which I was so

successful that, at length, they constituted me a kind of umpire in all

their own quarrels. If a drunken husband was pounding his wife, the

children would run for me. Hastening to the scene of action, I would

take Patrick by the collar, and, much to his surprise and shame, make

him sit down and promise to behave himself. I never had one of them

offer the least resistance, and in time they all came to regard me as

one having authority. I strengthened my influence by cultivating good

feeling. I lent the men papers to read, and invited their children into

our grounds; giving them fruit, of which we had abundance, and my

children's old clothes, books, and toys. I was their physician,

also--with my box of homeopathic medicines I took charge of the men,

women, and children in sickness. Thus the most amicable relations were

established, and, in any emergency, these poor neighbors were good

friends and always ready to serve me.

But I found police duty rather irksome, especially when called out dark

nights to prevent drunken fathers from disturbing their sleeping

children, or to minister to poor mothers in the pangs of maternity.

Alas! alas! who can measure the mountains of sorrow and suffering

endured in unwelcome motherhood in the abodes of ignorance, poverty,

and vice, where terror-stricken women and children are the victims of

strong men frenzied with passion and intoxicating drink?

Up to this time life had glided by with comparative ease, but now the

real struggle was upon me. My duties were too numerous and varied, and

none sufficiently exhilarating or intellectual to bring into play my

higher faculties. I suffered with mental hunger, which, like an empty

stomach, is very depressing. I had books, but no stimulating

companionship. To add to my general dissatisfaction at the change from

Boston, I found that Seneca Falls was a malarial region, and in due time

all the children were attacked with chills and fever which, under

homeopathic treatment in those days, lasted three months. The servants

were afflicted in the same way. Cleanliness, order, the love of the

beautiful and artistic, all faded away in the struggle to accomplish

what was absolutely necessary from hour to hour. Now I understood, as I

never had before, how women could sit down and rest in the midst of

general disorder. Housekeeping, under such conditions, was impossible,

so I packed our clothes, locked up the house, and went to that harbor of

safety, home, as I did ever after in stress of weather.

I now fully understood the practical difficulties most women had to

contend with in the isolated household, and the impossibility of woman's

best development if in contact, the chief part of her life, with

servants and children. Fourier's phalansterie community life and

co-operative households had a new significance for me. Emerson says, "A

healthy discontent is the first step to progress." The general

discontent I felt with woman's portion as wife, mother, housekeeper,

physician, and spiritual guide, the chaotic conditions into which

everything fell without her constant supervision, and the wearied,

anxious look of the majority of women impressed me with a strong feeling

that some active measures should be taken to remedy the wrongs of

society in general, and of women in particular. My experience at the

World's Anti-slavery Convention, all I had read of the legal status of

women, and the oppression I saw everywhere, together swept across my

soul, intensified now by many personal experiences. It seemed as if all

the elements had conspired to impel me to some onward step. I could not

see what to do or where to begin--my only thought was a public meeting

for protest and discussion.

In this tempest-tossed condition of mind I received an invitation to

spend the day with Lucretia Mott, at Richard Hunt's, in Waterloo. There

I met several members of different families of Friends, earnest,

thoughtful women. I poured out, that day, the torrent of my

long-accumulating discontent, with such vehemence and indignation that I

stirred myself, as well as the rest of the party, to do and dare

anything. My discontent, according to Emerson, must have been healthy,

for it moved us all to prompt action, and we decided, then and there, to

call a "Woman's Rights Convention." We wrote the call that evening and

published it in the _Seneca County Courier_ the next day, the 14th of

July, 1848, giving only five days' notice, as the convention was to be

held on the 19th and 20th. The call was inserted without signatures,--in

fact it was a mere announcement of a meeting,--but the chief movers and

managers were Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann McClintock, Jane Hunt, Martha C.

Wright, and myself. The convention, which was held two days in the

Methodist Church, was in every way a grand success. The house was

crowded at every session, the speaking good, and a religious earnestness

dignified all the proceedings.

These were the hasty initiative steps of "the most momentous reform that

had yet been launched on the world--the first organized protest against

the injustice which had brooded for ages over the character and destiny

of one-half the race." No words could express our astonishment on

finding, a few days afterward, that what seemed to us so timely, so

rational, and so sacred, should be a subject for sarcasm and ridicule to

the entire press of the nation. With our Declaration of Rights and

Resolutions for a text, it seemed as if every man who could wield a pen

prepared a homily on "woman's sphere." All the journals from Maine to

Texas seemed to strive with each other to see which could make our

movement appear the most ridiculous. The anti-slavery papers stood by us

manfully and so did Frederick Douglass, both in the convention and in

his paper, _The North Star_, but so pronounced was the popular voice

against us, in the parlor, press, and pulpit, that most of the ladies

who had attended the convention and signed the declaration, one by one,

withdrew their names and influence and joined our persecutors. Our

friends gave us the cold shoulder and felt themselves disgraced by the

whole proceeding.

If I had had the slightest premonition of all that was to follow that

convention, I fear I should not have had the courage to risk it, and I

must confess that it was with fear and trembling that I consented to

attend another, one month afterward, in Rochester. Fortunately, the

first one seemed to have drawn all the fire, and of the second but

little was said. But we had set the ball in motion, and now, in quick

succession, conventions were held in Ohio, Indiana, Massachusetts,

Pennsylvania, and in the City of New York, and have been kept up nearly

every year since.

The most noteworthy of the early conventions were those held in

Massachusetts, in which such men as Garrison, Phillips, Channing,

Parker, and Emerson took part. It was one of these that first attracted

the attention of Mrs. John Stuart Mill, and drew from her pen that able

article on "The Enfranchisement of Woman," in the _Westminster Review_

of October, 1852.

The same year of the convention, the Married Woman's Property Bill,

which had given rise to some discussion on woman's rights in New York,

had passed the legislature. This encouraged action on the part of women,

as the reflection naturally arose that, if the men who make the laws

were ready for some onward step, surely the women themselves should

express some interest in the legislation. Ernestine L. Rose, Paulina

Wright (Davis), and I had spoken before committees of the legislature

years before, demanding equal property rights for women. We had

circulated petitions for the Married Woman's Property Bill for many

years, and so also had the leaders of the Dutch aristocracy, who desired

to see their life-long accumulations descend to their daughters and

grandchildren rather than pass into the hands of dissipated, thriftless

sons-in-law. Judge Hertell, Judge Fine, and Mr. Geddes of Syracuse

prepared and championed the several bills, at different times, before

the legislature. Hence the demands made in the convention were not

entirely new to the reading and thinking public of New York--the first

State to take any action on the question. As New York was the first

State to put the word "male" in her constitution in 1778, it was fitting

that she should be first in more liberal legislation. The effect of the

convention on my own mind was most salutary. The discussions had cleared

my ideas as to the primal steps to be taken for woman's enfranchisement,

and the opportunity of expressing myself fully and freely on a subject I

felt so deeply about was a great relief. I think all women who attended

the convention felt better for the statement of their wrongs, believing

that the first step had been taken to right them.

Soon after this I was invited to speak at several points in the

neighborhood. One night, in the Quaker Meeting House at Farmington, I

invited, as usual, discussion and questions when I had finished. We all

waited in silence for a long time; at length a middle-aged man, with a

broad-brimmed hat, arose and responded in a sing-song tone: "All I have

to say is, if a hen can crow, let her crow," emphasizing "crow" with an

upward inflection on several notes of the gamut. The meeting adjourned

with mingled feelings of surprise and merriment. I confess that I felt

somewhat chagrined in having what I considered my unanswerable arguments

so summarily disposed of, and the serious impression I had made on the

audience so speedily dissipated. The good man intended no disrespect, as

he told me afterward. He simply put the whole argument in a nutshell:

"Let a woman do whatever she can."

With these new duties and interests, and a broader outlook on human

life, my petty domestic annoyances gradually took a subordinate place.

Now I began to write articles for the press, letters to conventions held

in other States, and private letters to friends, to arouse them to

thought on this question.

The pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Mr. Bogue, preached several

sermons on Woman's Sphere, criticising the action of the conventions in

Seneca Falls and Rochester. Elizabeth McClintock and I took notes and

answered him in the county papers. Gradually we extended our labors and

attacked our opponents in the New York _Tribune_, whose columns were

open to us in the early days, Mr. Greeley being, at that time, one of

our most faithful champions.

In answering all the attacks, we were compelled to study canon and civil

law, constitutions, Bibles, science, philosophy, and history, sacred and

profane. Now my mind, as well as my hands, was fully occupied, and

instead of mourning, as I had done, over what I had lost in leaving

Boston, I tried in every way to make the most of life in Seneca Falls.

Seeing that elaborate refreshments prevented many social gatherings, I

often gave an evening entertainment without any. I told the young

people, whenever they wanted a little dance or a merry time, to make our

house their rallying point, and I would light up and give them a glass

of water and some cake. In that way we had many pleasant informal

gatherings. Then, in imitation of Margaret Fuller's Conversationals, we

started one which lasted several years. We selected a subject each week

on which we all read and thought; each, in turn, preparing an essay ten

minutes in length.

These were held, at different homes, Saturday of each week. On coming

together we chose a presiding officer for the evening, who called the

meeting to order, and introduced the essayist. That finished, he asked

each member, in turn, what he or she had read or thought on the subject,

and if any had criticisms to make on the essay. Everyone was expected to

contribute something. Much information was thus gained, and many spicy

discussions followed. All the ladies, as well as the gentlemen, presided

in turn, and so became familiar with parliamentary rules. The evening

ended with music, dancing, and a general chat. In this way we read and

thought over a wide range of subjects and brought together the best

minds in the community. Many young men and women who did not belong to

what was considered the first circle,--for in every little country

village there is always a small clique that constitutes the

aristocracy,--had the advantages of a social life otherwise denied them.

I think that all who took part in this Conversation Club would testify

to its many good influences.

I had three quite intimate young friends in the village who spent much

of their spare time with me, and who added much to my happiness: Frances

Hoskins, who was principal of the girls' department in the academy, with

whom I discussed politics and religion; Mary Bascom, a good talker on

the topics of the day, and Mary Crowninshield, who played well on the

piano. As I was very fond of music, Mary's coming was always hailed with

delight. Her mother, too, was a dear friend of mine, a woman of rare

intelligence, refinement, and conversational talent. She was a Schuyler,

and belonged to the Dutch aristocracy in Albany. She died suddenly,

after a short illness. I was with her in the last hours and held her

hand until the gradually fading spark of life went out. Her son is

Captain A.S. Crowninshield of our Navy.

My nearest neighbors were a very agreeable, intelligent family of sons

and daughters. But I always felt that the men of that household were

given to domineering. As the mother was very amiable and

self-sacrificing, the daughters found it difficult to rebel. One summer,

after general house-cleaning, when fresh paint and paper had made even

the kitchen look too dainty for the summer invasion of flies, the queens

of the household decided to move the sombre cook-stove into a spacious

woodhouse, where it maintained its dignity one week, in the absence of

the head of the home. The mother and daughters were delighted with the

change, and wondered why they had not made it before during the summer

months. But their pleasure was shortlived. Father and sons rose early

the first morning after his return and moved the stove back to its old

place. When the wife and daughters came down to get their breakfast (for

they did all their own work) they were filled with grief and

disappointment. The breakfast was eaten in silence, the women humbled

with a sense of their helplessness, and the men gratified with a sense

of their power. These men would probably all have said "home is woman's

sphere," though they took the liberty of regulating everything in her

sphere.

[Illustration: MRS. STANTON AND SON, 1854.]

[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony 1820-Feb. 15, 1858--]