CHAPTER XXXVI.
SCOTT’S EXPEDITION–TREATY.
Allusion to the presence of General Scott in this campaign has been
made, but for the purpose of receiving substantial treatment later
on was temporarily dropped.
He may not have participated in any of its pitched battles, but in
his conflict with an enemy more dreadful than bullets, he displayed
a genius and heroism seldom found in military annals.
For the first time in the history of this continent, Asiatic cholera
had appeared in Quebec and Montreal during the early days of warm
weather. Few knew its character and none its treatment.
Jackson, who had grown impatient at what he considered a policy of
procrastination and conduct which he is said to have characterized
as pusillanimous on the part of the volunteers, ordered Scott to
take nine companies from the Atlantic coast, proceed to the seat of
war and put an end to it.
On June 28th General Scott started from Fortress Monroe with them,
and with four of his nine companies made the trip to Chicago in the
incredibly short space of eighteen days. His departure was noticed
in Niles Register for June 30, 1832. The trip was prosperous enough
to Buffalo, where four steamboats, the Sheldon Thompson, Henry Clay,
Superior and William Penn, were chartered to carry the expedition
around the lakes to Chicago. Down Lake Erie all went well, but when
Detroit[251] was reached, two cases developed on board the Thompson
while moored to the wharf, which excited alarm. The victims died and
the boats all passed on up the St. Clair River to Fort Gratiot, some
forty miles distant, by which time the contagion had assumed such
proportions that it became necessary to land five companies of 280
men. Many had died; others died immediately after landing; others
fled, and later, when seized with the pest, were shunned and denied
assistance. Thus abandoned and exhausted, the miserable wretches
perished in woods and fields, only to be discovered when birds of
prey surrounded their bodies or the odor from decomposition became
apparent. Of the entire body of 280 men, we are told that but nine
survived.
Scott, in his autobiography, Vol. 1, p. 218, has stated that the
disease broke out on his boat and that the only surgeon aboard,
after drinking half a bottle of wine, was frightened into a sickness
which kept him to his bed. He further adds with some asperity that
the surgeon “ought to have died.”
Preparatory to departure, Scott, who was always forehanded, had
consulted Surgeon Mower of New York about the disease, and, adopting
all his suggestions, had laid in a supply of medicines to use if the
plague overtook him. These he supplied with his own hand to one and
all, from the moment of its appearance to the final eradication of
the scourge from the ranks of his army. In Niles Register for August
4th, Vol. 42, p. 402, we are told that Lieut. Gust. Brown and Second
Lieut. Franklin McDuffie had died July 15th,[252] and Col. W.J.
Worth, Capt. John Munroe and Lieut. William C. DeHart were ordered
east July 14th from Chicago, being too ill to travel. In the issue
of August 11th Captain Gath (probably meant for Galt), the other
member of “the staff,” is mentioned as being sent in the same party.
Decimation of the ranks of the men is noticed in Vol. 42, Niles, p.
423, for August 11th: “Of the 208 soldiers attached to the command
of Colonel Twiggs, 30 died and 155 deserted. Of three companies of
artillery under him, consisting of 152 men, 26 died and 20 deserted.
Of Colonel Cummings’ detachment of 80 men, 21 died and 4 deserted.
Of Colonel Crane’s artillery, 220 men, 55 died. Of the 850 men who
left Buffalo, not more than 200 were left fit for the field.”
While a slight discrepancy may be found to exist between items and
their totals, they are but natural to all statements, and do not
overestimate the awful mortality and the conditions, which can
readily be realized. The following letter, published in the same
issue of Niles and dated Fort Dearborn, July 12th, will probably
convey a better idea of those conditions than any deductions I may
make:
“We have got at last to our place of rendezvous, but in what a
condition! We have traveled 600 miles in a steamboat crowded
almost to suffocation and the Asiatic cholera raging amongst us.
The scenes on board the boat are not to be described. Men died in
six hours after being in perfect health. The steerage was crowded
with the dying and new cases were appearing on the deck, when the
demon entered the cabin. The first case occurred at Fort Gratiot;
the man attacked belonged to the company I commanded. I found that
the soldiers hesitated about attending him at first, so that I
went to the sick man, felt his pulse and stood by his bed, and in
a short time the soldiers became reconciled. This was only at
first, for when the disease came upon us with fury and the boat
became a moving pestilence, every soldier who was well became a
nurse for the sick. The disease was met with resolution, and never
did a body of men stand more firmly by each other than the
soldiers in our boat.
“To give you an idea of the disease: You remember Sergeant Heyl?
He was well at nine o’clock in the morning–he was at the bottom of
Lake Michigan at seven o’clock in the afternoon! I was officer of
the day when we arrived and had to move all the sick men to the
shore; I had scarcely got through my task when I was thrown down
on the deck almost as suddenly as if shot.
“As I was walking on the lower deck, I felt my legs growing stiff
from my knees down. I went on the upper deck and walked violently
to keep up a circulation of the blood. I felt suddenly a rush of
blood from my feet upwards, and as it rose my veins grew cold and
my blood curdled. I was seized with a nausea at the stomach and a
desire to vomit. My legs and hands were cramped with violent pain.
The doctor gave me eight grains of opium and made me rub my legs
as fast as I could; he also made me drink a tumbler and a half of
raw brandy, and told me if I did not throw up the opium I would
certainly be relieved; but not until I had had a violent spasm.
The pain is excruciating.”
Another letter, written by Capt. A. Walker to Capt. R.C. Bristol,
which first appeared in the Chicago Democrat, March 23d, 1861, was
afterward copied in “Fort Dearborn,” page 72, in an address
delivered by John Wentworth, May 21st, 1881, and published the same
year by the Chicago Historical Society, and is as follows:
“* * * It will also be remembered, as stated in my former
communication, that four steamers, the Henry Clay, Superior,
Sheldon Thompson and William Penn, were chartered by the United
States Government for the purpose of transporting troops,
equipments and provisions to Chicago during the Black Hawk war,
but owing to the fearful ravages made by the breaking out of the
Asiatic cholera among the troops and crews on board, two of those
boats were compelled to abandon their voyage, proceeding no
further than Fort Gratiot. The disease became so violent and
alarming on board the Henry Clay that nothing like discipline
could be observed; everything in the way of subordination ceased.
As soon as the steamer came to the dock each man sprang on shore,
hoping to escape from a scene so terrifying and appalling. Some
fled to the fields, some to the woods, while others lay down in
the streets, and under the cover of the river bank, where most of
them died unwept and alone.
“There were no cases of cholera causing death on board my boat
until we passed the Manitou Islands (Lake Michigan). The first
person attacked died about four o’clock in the afternoon, some
thirty hours before reaching Chicago. As soon as it was
ascertained by the surgeon that life was extinct, the deceased was
wrapped closely in his blanket, placing within some weights,
secured by lashing some small cordage around the ankles, knees,
waist and neck, and then committed, with but little ceremony, to
the deep.
“This unpleasant, though imperative duty, was performed by the
orderly sergeant, with a few privates detailed for that purpose.
In like manner twelve others, including this same noble sergeant,
who sickened and died in a few hours, were also thrown overboard
before the balance of the troops were landed at Chicago.
“The sudden and untimely death of this veteran sergeant and his
committal to a watery grave caused a deep sensation on board among
the soldiers and crews, which I will not here attempt to describe.
The effect produced upon General Scott and the other officers in
witnessing the scene was too visible to be misunderstood, for the
dead soldier had been a very valuable man, and evidently a
favorite among the officers and soldiers of the regiment.
“Some very interesting and appropriate memoranda were made by the
steward of the boat at the time on one of the leaves of his
account book (which is still in my possession) by quotations from
one of the poets, such as ‘Sleep, soldier, sleep; thy warfare’s
o’er,’ etc.
“On another leaf is a graphic representation of a coffin, made by
pen and ink, placed opposite the account on the credit side of one
of the volunteer officers, who died after reaching Chicago, with
this singular and concise device or inscription written upon the
lid of the coffin: ‘Account settled by death.’
“‘H. BRADLEY, Clerk and Steward,
Steamer Sheldon Thompson.
“‘Chicago, Ill., July 11, 1832.’”
“There was one singular fact–not one of the officers of the army
was attacked by the disease while on board my boat with such
violence as to result in death, or any of the officers belonging
to the boat, though nearly one-fourth of the crew fell a prey to
the disease on a subsequent trip while on the passage from Detroit
to Buffalo.
“We arrived in Chicago[253] on the evening of the 10th of July,
1832. I sent the yawl boat on shore soon after with General Scott
and a number of the volunteer officers, who accompanied him on his
expedition against the hostile tribes, who, with Black Hawk, had
committed many depredations. Before landing the troops next
morning, we were under the painful necessity of committing three
more to the deep, who died during the night, making in all sixteen
who were thus consigned to a watery grave. These three were
anchored to the bottom in two and a half fathoms, the water being
so clear that their forms could be plainly seen from our decks.
This unwelcome sight created such excitement, working upon the
superstitious fears of some of the crew, that prudence dictated
that we weigh anchor and move a distance sufficient to shut from
sight a scene which seemed to haunt the imagination and influence
the mind with thoughts of some portentous evil.
“In the course of the day and night following eighteen others
died, and we interred their bodies not far from the spot where the
American Temperance House (northwest corner Lake Street and Wabash
Avenue) has since been erected. The earth that was removed to
cover one made a grave to receive the next that died. All were
buried without coffins or shrouds, except their blankets, which
served for a winding sheet, and there left, as it were, without
remembrance or a stone to mark their resting place. During the
four days we remained at Chicago fifty-four more died, making an
aggregate of eighty-eight who paid the debt of nature.”
The disease was dreadful enough, but its reputation had spread such
consternation abroad that Scott was compelled to write to Governor
Reynolds a letter, asking for it general circulation, to allay the
fright of the people:
“Headquarters, Northwest Army, Chicago,
July 15, 1832.
“Sir:–To prevent or to correct the exaggerations of rumor in
respect to the existence of cholera at this place, I address
myself to your Excellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo
to transport United States troops and supplies to Chicago. In the
headmost of these boats, the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my staff
and four companies, a part of Colonel Eustis’ command, arrived
here on the night of the 10th inst. On the 8th, all on board were
in high health and spirits, but the next morning six cases of
undoubted cholera presented themselves. The disease rapidly spread
itself for the next three days. About 120 persons have been
affected. Under a late act of Congress six companies of rangers
are to be raised and marched to this place. General Dodge of
Michigan is appointed major of the battalion, and I have seen the
names of the captains, but I do not know where to address them. I
am afraid that the report from this place in respect to cholera
may seriously retard the raising of this force. I wish, therefore,
that your Excellency would give publicity to the measures I have
adopted to prevent the spread of this disease and of my
determination not to allow any junction or communication between
uninfected and infected troops. The war is not at an end and may
not be brought to a close for some time. The rangers may reach the
theater of operations in time to give the final blow. As they
approach this place I shall take care of their health and general
wants.
“I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter
to be copied. It will be put in some postoffice to be forthwith
forwarded. I have the honor to be your Excellency’s most obedient
servant,
“WINFIELD SCOTT.
“His Excellency, GOVERNOR REYNOLDS.
From Fort Gratiot the remnant of the troops proceeded around the
lakes, hopeful that no further signs of the cholera would appear. In
this Scott was gratified until the shores of Mackinac were reached,
when, notwithstanding the utmost care of his troops, another case
suddenly developed, and from that hour until the expedition reached
Chicago, July 10th, and from thence into the fort, which became a
hospital, it continued its relentless ravages, until the last of the
month, at which time, by Scott’s tireless exertions, it was thought
to have been thoroughly eradicated.[254]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Illustration: MAJ. GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT.]
[Illustration: GEN. SCOTT’s HEADQUARTERS AT FORT ARMSTRONG.]
[Illustration: LIEUT. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON, U.S.A]
[Illustration: MAJ. WILLIAM WHISTLER, U.S.A]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[255]At this time Major William Whistler was commandant of Fort
Dearborn, which contained one company of infantry under the
immediate command of Capt. Seth Johnson, with Samuel G.I. DeCamp,
Surgeon; Julius J.B. Kingsbury, First Lieutenant, and Hannibal Day,
James W. Penrose and Edwin R. Long, Second Lieutenants. In many
narratives of this expedition, it has been stated that Scott arrived
before Fort Dearborn July 8th, but the letters heretofore copied
herein, and which should be accurate, make the date July 10th, and
that is the date which should be considered in all future references
to the subject. Here, for want of harbor facilities, Scott was
compelled to unload his men in boats one-half mile out and row them
to shore.[256] In all this long journey, with its horrors, and in
his long stay at Fort Dearborn, Scott never wearied in his
ministrations to the suffering men, whose brows he smoothed as they
died in agony, trying with a last gasp to bless him for his patient
and loving care.
In many a campaign did this fine old hero distinguish himself, but
in none did he win more fame than in this, against an enemy with
whom he could not treat; in which, as he subsequently stated to John
Wentworth: “Sentinals were of no use in warning of the enemy’s
approach. He could not storm his works, fortify against him, nor cut
his way out, nor make terms of capitulation. There was no respect
for a flag of truce and his men were falling upon all sides from an
enemy in his very midst.”[257]
Among those who sought fortune in this war were most of a class of
forty-five cadets of the class of 1832. Twenty-nine of them left
Buffalo for the Black Hawk campaign, but nearly all were sent back
from Fort Gratiot.[258]
On board the ship, amidst stifling air, the dying and dead; on land,
in hospital–a very pest house–everywhere, was Scott; and not until
the last case had disappeared did he think of relinquishing his
fatherly care of the suffering soldiers. Then, on July 29th,[259]
finding the spread of the contagion once more checked, he set out
with three staff officers for Prairie du Chien, following the route
subsequently adopted in 1834 as the mail route from Galena to
Chicago, via Fort Payne,[260] Naperville, Aurora, along through what
subsequently became DeKalb County, across Lee, up to Dixon’s Ferry,
arriving there August 2d with the report that the troops under
Eustis were en route for Dixon’s, and leaving on the same day for
Galena, which he reached August 3d with his staff officers, Captains
Patrick H. Gait, Hartman Bache and William Maynadier. Leaving Galena
on the 5th, on the steamboat Warrior, for Fort Crawford, at Prairie
du Chien, that point in turn was reached August 7th, when and where
he assumed command of the entire army.
His first act was to order the discharge of the volunteer forces,
which immediately marched to Dixon’s Ferry for that purpose, Dodge’s
battalion excepted, and then on the 10th, at 6 o’clock, he started
down the Mississippi for Fort Armstrong, on the boat Warrior, with
two companies of U.S. Infantry, eight members of the Sixth Infantry
and General Atkinson and staff, transferring the scene to Fort
Armstrong.[261] On the 11th Port Armstrong was reached.
On leaving Chicago, Scott left orders for Lieut.-Col. Abraham Eustis
to follow his general route to Fort Crawford with all the well
troops which had arrived, or might arrive before the 3d August,[262]
which Colonel Eustis did, but upon reaching Dixon’s Ferry an express
from Scott informed the Colonel of the termination of the war and
ordered him to follow Rock River down its left bank, along the route
used by Atkinson, to its mouth, and establish his camp at Fort
Armstrong on Rock Island. On this march Colonel Eustis reached
Dixon’s Ferry on the 17th,[263] resting there until the 22d of
August,[264] when he moved down to Fort Armstrong and camped a short
distance from the mouth of Rock River, about four miles from
Atkinson’s men.
On the 12th Scott sent Lieutenant Buchanan on the steamboat Warrior
to bring down all prisoners[265] surrendered to that period, after
which he began the examination of witnesses to ascertain the names
of those who actively assisted Black Hawk and those who were his
passive allies, in order to act intelligently in adjusting the
treaties expected to be made September 10th, with reference to the
settlement of damages sustained by the United States. On the evening
of the 13th Keokuk, with fifty or sixty Sacs and Foxes, arrived in
camp and reported that he had visited all the Sac and Fox villages,
and that none of Black Hawk’s band had yet arrived. He further
reported that he had ordered forty-two braves in the direction of
the “Ioway,” to intercept and bring in any stragglers as they might
appear. On the 14th Keokuk delivered to Scott a brave who had
murdered a white man, just before, in the vicinity of the Yellow
Banks.
On the 15th Atkinson, with his staff, viz., Lieutenants Johnston,
Wheelwright and Dorrance, and Captains Smith, Rogers and Hatton,
Sixth Infantry, and Lieutenant Richardson, left on the steamboat
Warrior for St. Louis.
On or about the 26th of August the cholera again broke out with
unusual virulence,[266] and again Scott actively participated in
conquering it. So many Indians became affected that it became
necessary to dismiss them all until they could be re-assembled by
special summons. The following order became imperative:
“Assistant Adjutant-General’s Office,
Fort Armstrong, August 28th, 1832.
Order No. 16.
“1. The cholera has made its appearance on Rock Island. The two
first cases were brought by mistake from Captain Ford’s company of
U.S. Rangers; one of those died yesterday, the other is
convalescent. A second death occurred this morning in the hospital
in Fort Armstrong. The man was of the 4th Infantry and had been
there some time under treatment for debility. The ranger now
convalescent was in the same hospital with him for sixteen hours
before a cholera hospital could be established outside the camp
and fort.
“2. It is believed that all these men were of intemperate habits.
The Ranger who is dead, it is known, generated this disease within
him by a fit of intoxication.
“3. This disease having appeared among the Rangers[267] and on
this island, all in commission are called upon to exert themselves
to the utmost to stop the spread of the calamity.
“4. Sobriety, cleanliness of person, cleanliness of camp and
quarters, together with care in the preparation of the men’s
messes, are the grand preventives. No neglect under these
important heads will be overlooked or tolerated.
“5. In addition to the foregoing, the Senior Surgeon present
recommends the use of flannel shirts, flannel drawers and woolen
stockings; but the Commanding General, who has seen much of this
disease, knows that it is intemperance which, in the present state
of the atmosphere, generates and spreads the calamity, and that,
when once spread, good and temperate men are likely to take the
infection.
“6. He therefore peremptorily commands that every soldier or
Ranger who shall be found drunk or sensibly intoxicated after the
publication of this order, be compelled, as soon as his strength
will permit, to dig a grave at a suitable burying place large
enough for his own reception, as such grave cannot fail soon to be
wanted for the drunken man himself or some drunken companion.
“7. This order is given as well to serve for the punishment of
drunkenness as to spare good and temperate men the labor of
digging graves for their worthless companions.
“8. The sanitary regulations now in force respecting
communications between the camp near the mouth of Rock River and
other camps and posts in the neighborhood are revoked. (They had
provided for sending all the sick to the hospital on Rock Island.)
Colonel Eustis, however, whose troops are perfectly free from
cholera, will report to the Commanding General whether he believes
it for the safety of his command that these regulations should be
renewed.
“By order of Major-General Scott,
P.H. GALT, Ass’t
Adjutant-General.”
Cold rains fell; many soldiers were afforded protection from them
only by the most miserable of tents, and soon out of 300 cases there
were fifty deaths. Finally, as a last resort, the men were removed
across the river, where the last case disappeared. It has been said
that in this last visitation the Rangers suffered most.[268]
At the time of the appearance of the cholera the three Sacs were
confined in the military prison at Fort Armstrong on a charge of
complicity in the murder of the Menominees near Prairie du Chien on
the 31st of July, 1831. By reason of the cholera, General Scott set
them at liberty, taking their promise to return upon the exhibition
of a certain signal to be hung from the limb of a dead tree at an
elevated point of the island when the epidemic should be over. The
signal was subsequently hung up, and, true to their parole, the
Indians reported themselves. They were again paroled and
subsequently released.[269]
Having again checked the disease, Scott sent out the summons to the
Winnebagoes, who assembled on the 15th[270] to sign a new treaty.
Before proceeding with its details it was considered best to prepare
them for the forfeitures they must necessarily sustain by reason of
their assistance to Black Hawk at nearly all stages of the campaign,
as ascertained by the examinations of witnesses:
“Such is justice between nation and nation, against which none can
rightfully complain; but as God, in his dealings with human
creatures, tempers justice with mercy–or else the whole race of
man would soon have perished–so shall we, commissioners, in humble
imitation of divine example, now treat you, my red brethren, who
have offended both against God and your great human father at
Washington.”[271]
Thereupon the following treaty was made and signed, on the 21st day
of September, 1832, and promulgated by the President’s proclamation,
February 13th, 1833, after having been ratified by the Senate:
ARTICLES OF A TREATY OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP AND CESSION,
concluded at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, Illinois, between the
United States of America, by their Commissioners, Major-General
Winfield Scott, of the United States Army, and His Excellency John
Reynolds, Governor of the State of Illinois, and the confederated
tribes of Sac and Fox Indians, represented in general council by
the undersigned Chiefs, Headmen and Warriors.
WHEREAS, Under certain lawless and desperate leaders a formidable
band, constituting a large portion of the Sac and Fox nation, left
their country in April last, and, in violation of treaties,
commenced an unprovoked war upon unsuspecting and defenseless
citizens of the United States, sparing neither age nor sex; and
whereas, the United States, at a great expense of treasure, have
subdued the said hostile band, killing or capturing all its
principal chiefs and warriors, the said States, partly as
indemnity for the expense incurred, and partly to secure the
future safety and tranquility of the invaded frontier, demand of
the said tribes, to the use of the United States, a cession of a
tract of the Sac and Fox country, bordering on said frontier, more
than proportional to the numbers of the hostile band who have been
so conquered and subdued.
Article I. Accordingly, the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes
hereby cede to the United States forever all the lands to which
the said tribes have title or claim (with the exception of the
reservation hereinafter made) included within the following
bounds, to-wit: Beginning on the Mississippi River, at the point
where the Sac and Fox northern boundary line, as established by
the second article of the treaty of Prairie du Chien of the
fifteenth of July, one thousand eight hundred and thirty, strikes
said river; thence, up said boundary line to a point fifty miles
from the Mississippi, measured on said line; thence, in a right
line, to the nearest point on the Red Cedar of the Ioway, forty
miles from the Mississippi River; thence in a right line to a
point in the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri,
fifty miles, measured on said boundary, from the Mississippi
River; thence by the last-mentioned boundary to the Mississippi
River, and by the western shore of said river to the place of
beginning. And the said confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes
hereby stipulate and agree to remove from the lands herein ceded
to the United States, on or before the first day of June next; and
in order to prevent any future misunderstanding it is expressly
understood that no band or party of the Sac or Fox tribes shall
reside, plant, fish or hunt on any portion of the ceded country
after the period just mentioned.
Article II. Out of the cession made in the preceding article the
United States agree to a reservation for the use of the said
confederated tribes of a tract of land containing four hundred
square miles, to be laid off under the directions of the President
of the United States, from the boundary line crossing the Ioway
River, in such manner that nearly an equal portion of the
reservation may be on both sides of said river, and extending
downwards, so as to include Ke-o-kuk’s principal village on its
right bank, which village is about twelve miles from the
Mississippi River.
Article III. In consideration of the great extent of the foregoing
cession, the United States stipulate and agree to pay to the said
confederated tribes annually, for thirty successive years, the
first payment to be made in September of the next year, the sum of
twenty thousand dollars in specie.
Article IV. It is further agreed that the United States shall
establish and maintain within the limits, and for the use and
benefit of the Sacs and Foxes, for the period of thirty years, one
additional black and gunsmith shop, with the necessary tools, iron
and steel; and finally make a yearly allowance for the same
period, to the said tribes, of forty kegs of tobacco and forty
barrels of salt, to be delivered at the mouth of the Ioway River.
Article V. The United States, at the earnest request of the said
confederated tribes, further agree to pay to Farnham and
Davenport, Indian traders at Rock Island, the sum of forty
thousand dollars without interest, which sum will be in full
satisfaction of the claims of the said traders against the said
tribes, and by the latter was, on the tenth day of July, one
thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, acknowledged to be justly
due for articles of necessity, furnished, in the course of the
seven preceding years, in an instrument of writing of said date,
duly signed by the Chiefs and Headmen of said tribes, and
certified by the late Felix St. Vrain, United States agent, and
Antoine LeClaire, United States interpreter, both for the said
tribes.
Article VI. At the special request of the said confederated
tribes, the United States agree to grant, by patent in fee simple,
to Antoine LeClaire, Interpreter, a part Indian, one section of
land opposite Rock Island, and one section at the head of the
first rapids above said island, within the country herein ceded by
the Sacs and Foxes.
Article VII. Trusting to the good faith of the neutral bands of
Sacs and Foxes, the United States have already delivered up to
those bands the great mass of prisoners made in the course of the
war by the United States, and promise to use their influence to
procure the delivery of other Sacs and Foxes, who may still be
prisoners in the hands of a band of Sioux Indians, the friends of
the United States; but the following named prisoners of war, now
in confinement, who were Chiefs and Headmen, shall be held as
hostages for the future good conduct of the late hostile bands,
during the pleasure of the President of the United States, viz.:
Muk-ka-ta-mish-a-ka-kaik (or Black Hawk) and his two sons;
Wau-ba-kee-shik (the Prophet), his brother and two sons; Na-pope,
We-sheet Ioway, Pa-ma-ho, and Cha-kee-pa-shi-pa-ho (the Little
Stabbing Chief).
Article VIII. And it is further stipulated and agreed between the
parties to this treaty that there shall never be allowed in the
confederate Sac and Fox nation any separate band, or village,
under any chief or warrior of the late hostile bands; but that the
remnant of the said hostile bands shall be divided among the
neutral bands of the said tribes according to blood–the Sacs among
the Sacs and the Foxes among the Foxes.
Article IX. In consideration of the premises, peace and friendship
are declared, and shall be perpetually maintained between the
United States and the whole confederated Sac and Fox nation,
excepting from the latter the hostages before mentioned.
Article X. The United States, besides the presents delivered at
the signing of this treaty, wishing to give a striking evidence of
their mercy and liberality, will immediately cause to be issued to
the said confederated tribes, principally for the use of the Sac
and Fox women and children whose husbands, fathers and brothers
have been killed in the late war, and generally for the use of the
whole confederated tribes, articles of subsistence as follows:
Thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of
pork and fifty barrels of flour, and cause to be delivered for the
same purposes, in the month of April next, at the mouth of the
lower Ioway, six thousand bushels of maize or Indian corn.
Article XI. At the request of the said confederated tribes, it is
agreed that a suitable present shall be made to them on their
pointing out to any United States agent, authorized for the
purpose, the position or positions of one or more mines, supposed
by the said tribes to be of a metal more valuable than lead or
iron.
Article XII. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on
the contracting parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by
the President of the United States, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate thereof.
Done at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, Illinois, this twenty-first
day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and thirty-two, and of the Independence of the United
States the fifty-seventh.
WINFIELD SCOTT,
JOHN REYNOLDS.
SACS.
Kee-o-kuck, or He Who Has Been Everywhere.
Pa-she-pa-ho, or The Stabber.
Pia-tshe-noay, or The Noise Maker.
Wawk-kum-mee, or Clear Water.
O-sow-wish-kan-no, or Yellow Bird.
Pa-ca-to-kee, or Wounded Lip.
Winne-wun-quai-saat, or The Terror of Men.
Mau-noa-tuck, or He Who Controls Many.
Wau-we-au-tun, or The Curling Wave.
FOXES.
Wau-pel-la, or He Who is Painted White.
Tay-wee-mau, or Medicine Man (Strawberry).
Pow-sheek, or the Roused Bear.
An-nau-mee, or the Running Fox.
Ma-tow-e-qua, or the Jealous Woman.
Mee-shee-wau-quaw, or the Dried Tree.
May-kee-sa-mau-ker, or the Wampum Fish.
Chaw-co-saut, or the Prowler.
Kaw-kaw-kee, or the Crow.
Mau-que-tee, or the Bald Eagle.
Ma-she-na, or Cross Man.
Kaw-kaw-ke-moute, or the Pouch (Running Bear).
Wee-shee-kaw-kia-skuck, or He Who Steps Firmly.
Wee-ca-ma, or Good Fish.
Paw-qua-nuey, or the Runner.
Ma-hua-wai-be, or Wolf Skin.
Mis-see-quaw-kaw, or Hairy Neck.
Waw-pee-shaw-kaw, or White Skin.
Mash-shen-waw-pee-tch, or Broken Tooth.
Nau-nah-que-kee-shee-ko, or Between Two Days.
Paw-puck-ka-kaw, or Stealing Fox.
Tay-e-sheek, or the Falling Bear.
Wau-pee-maw-ker, or the White Loon.
Wau-co-see-nee-me, or Fox Man.
In presence of R. Bache, Cap. Ord. Sec. to the Commission; Abrm.
Eustis, Alex. Cummins, Lieut.-Col. 2d Infantry; Alex. R. Thompson,
Major U.S. Army; B. Riley, Major U.S. Army; H. Dodge, Major W.
Campbell; Hy. Wilson, Major 4th U.S. Inf.; Donald Ward, Thos.
Black Wolf, Sexton G. Frazer, P.H. Galt, Ass’t Adj.-Gen.; Benj. F.
Pike, Wm. Henry, James Craig, John Aukeny, J.B.F. Russell, Isaac
Chambers, John Clitz, Adj. Inf.; John Pickell, Lieut. 4th Art’y;
A.G. Miller, Lieut. 1st Inf.; Geo. Davenport, Ass’t Quar.
Mas.-Gen. Ill. Mil.; A. Drane, Aeneas Mackay, Capt. U.S. Army;
I.R. Smith, 1st Lieut. 2d Inf.; Wm. Maynadier, Lieut. and A.D.C.;
I.L. Gallagher, 1st Lieut. A.C.S.; N.B. Bennet, Lieut. 3d Art’y;
Horatio A. Wilson, Lieut. 4th Art’y; H. Day, Lieut. 2d Inf.; James
W. Penrose, Lieut. 2d Inf.; J.E. Johnston, Lieut. 4th Art’y; S.
Burbank, Lieut. 1st Inf.; I.H. Prentiss, Lieut. 1st Art’y; L.I.
Beale, Lieut. 1st Inf.; Addison Philleo, Thomas L. Alexander,
Lieut. 6th Inf.; Horace Beall, Act’g Surgeon U.S. Army; Oliver W.
Kellogg, Jona. Leighton, Act’g Surg. U.S. Army; Robert C.
Buchanan, Lieut. 4th Inf.; Jas. S. Williams, Lieut. 6th Inf.; John
W. Spencer, Antoine LeClaire, Interpreter.
To the Indian names are subjoined marks.[272]
On November 11, 180 men, the remains of the six companies sent out
with Scott, arrived at Norfolk on the steamboat Potomac, Captain
Hubbell commanding: Capt. John Monroe, Fourth Artillery; Capt.
Elijah Lyon, Third Artillery; Capt. Upton S. Fraser, Third
Artillery; Capt. Patrick H. Galt, Fourth Artillery, with Lieutenants
John Pickell, H.A. Wilson, W.A. Thornton, Joseph E. Johnston,
Charles O. Collins, Edwin Rose and James H. Prentiss.[273]
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Footnote 251:
Davidson & Stuve, Ills., p. 406. Brown Hist. Ills., p. 373.
Footnote 252:
Wentworth’s, Ft. Dearborn, p. 31.
Footnote 253:
Lt. Humphrey Marshall, later General and a Member of Congress from
Kentucky, came to Chicago with Scott.–Early Chicago, Ft. Dearborn,
p. 31.
Footnote 254:
An entry in the records of the War Dept. reads: “Fort Dearborn
having become a general hospital on July 11th, no returns were
received until its reoccupation: Companies G and I, 2d Infantry,
returned to the fort on October 1st from the campaign.”
Wentworth’s address on Ft. Dearborn.
Footnote 255:
Ft. Dearborn by Wentworth, p. 12.
Footnote 256:
Ft. Dearborn by Wentworth, p. 34.
Footnote 257:
Ft. Dearborn by Wentworth, p. 34.
Footnote 258:
Ft. Dearborn by Wentworth, p. 37, where the names are given.
Footnote 259:
Scott’s letter, Mo. Republican for Aug. 7, 1832.
Footnote 260:
Scott’s letter to Capt. J.R. Brant, A.Q.M., St. Louis, pub. in Mo.
Rep. Aug. 7, 1832.
Footnote 261:
Johnston’s Journal.
Footnote 262:
Scott’s letter to Hon. Lewis Cass, dated Aug. 10, 1832.
Footnote 263:
Davidson and Stuve, p. 407. Galenian of Aug. 22d.
Footnote 264:
Niles, Vol. 43, p. 51.
Footnote 265:
118 as reported by Scott. Niles, Sept. 29, p. 69.
Footnote 266:
Capt. Henry Smith, X Wis. Hist. Colls., p. 165.
Footnote 267:
Cholera appeared in the ranks of Capt. Jesse B. Brown’s company
just below Dixon’s Ferry. Nurses were left behind to care for the
sick. At Port Armstrong thirteen of the company died and were
buried in the woods. X Wis., 231.
Footnote 268:
Capt. Henry Smith, X Wis., 165.
Footnote 269:
Scott’s Autobiography.
Footnote 270:
Postponed from the 10th.
Footnote 271:
Scott’s Autobiog., Vol. 1, p. 227.
Footnote 272:
Vol. 7, U.S. Statutes at Large by Peters, p. 374.
Footnote 273:
Niles Reg., Vol. 43, p. 180, Nov. 17, 1832.
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