CHAPTER XXXIX.

SECOND TRIP EAST–A QUIET LIFE–JULY FOURTH TOAST AT FORT

MADISON–INTERVIEW WITH IOWAS–DEATH–BURIAL–HIS GRAVE

ROBBED–BONES RECOVERED–CONSUMED BY FIRE–DEATH OF MADAM BLACK

HAWK.

In 1837 it became necessary for a delegation of Sacs and Foxes to go

to Washington. Keokuk, who was at its head, prudently took Black

Hawk along, fearing perhaps that during his absence he might create

some new disturbance.[276] Knowing that he was neither a delegate

nor chief, he remained indifferent to the attention given him while

traveling through the various cities of the East, and little can be

said of his trip.

After his return, in the autumn of 1837, Black Hawk and his family

spent the winter in Lee County, Iowa, residing on a small stream

known as Devil’s Creek. His family then consisted of his wife,

As-shaw-e-qua (Singing Bird[277]), two sons, Nes-se-as-kuk and

Na-som-see, and his daughter, Nam-equa. It is related that a young

man from Baltimore, who met Namequa, became charmed with her comely

appearance, and, with continued acquaintance, became desperately in

love with her. The young lady received his advances with favor and a

wedding was among the immediate possibilities at Fort Madison. All

arguments by friends failed to dissuade the young gentleman from

marrying the maid. He was coaxed, bantered and threatened, but

nothing would affect him in the least until one more resourceful

than his other friends asked how he would enjoy such comments from

his Baltimore friends as, “There goes –– and his squaw.” That

possibility settled the affair against the young lady, who became

thereby another victim of the white man’s fickleness, but contrary

to the usual trend in matters of that character, Nam-e-qua

indifferently dropped the subject and later married a young Indian

of her tribe, living happily thereafter, probably more happily than

she ever could have lived with the impulsive young white.

In the spring of 1838 Black Hawk and his family removed to the

vicinity of the chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes, on the Des Moines

River, near Iowaville, the site of the famous battle where the Sacs

annihilated the tribe of Iowas many years before. Here he had a

comfortable cabin, furnished in humble imitation of the white

settler’s on the frontier. As the whites moved into the country he

formed their acquaintance and mingled very largely in their

pleasures and pastimes with hearty good-will. He occasionally

imbibed too freely of liquor and made himself as merry or ridiculous

as the white man under the same condition, but it must be said in

his favor that when found indulging in spirits it was at the

invitation of his white brother.[278] His usually morose disposition

gradually underwent a radical change, for he was frequently found

receiving the chaff of the whites in a spirit of the utmost jollity

and to the very best of his ability giving it back again, which,

considering the few English words he could master, was said to have

been remarkable.

This feature of “mixing,” which he cultivated, had much to do with

bringing to him during the last years of his life the general

verdict that he was a martyr and a person of ability far above his

actual worth. His travels and the universal interest taken in him

during them led others to seek his acquaintance and to place him in

all sorts of conspicuous attitudes, comical and otherwise. The

following, kindly furnished me by Prof. B.F. Shambaugh of the

University of Iowa, is a fine illustration of that phase of Black

Hawk’s amusement.

“TO GENERAL ‘BLACK HAWK.’”[279]

“Sir:–As there is at present a vacant seat in the council chamber,

which certainly ought to be filled by some talented and

influential person, and as you seem to be the theme of men, women

and children in this place, and your political character well

known and established, I would, in common with many others of my

fellow-citizens, beg, with great deference, to bring you upon the

carpet, by nominating you as a suitable person, worthy of our

elective franchise, to fill the vacancy in question, conscious as

I am that, once elected and seated beyond the threshold of the

Council chamber, there to be installed as one of the councilors,

in all the privileges and honors connected with that station, that

your voice and vote shall not be found wanting when any question

or cause is in agitation involving the rights of the people. Your

inherent spirit of independence is well known to this community;

also that your political views and principles are honorable, and

that you have no earthly connection with that obnoxious and

diabolical phalanx who would fain exclude (as they have recently

attempted to do) the people from a voice in the management of the

territorial affairs. Methinks your system would be more liberal. I

doubt not but the grand and noble feature of your legislative acts

will be recognized in the unerring vigilance to protect the

liberties and rights of the citizens of this young and mighty

republic, and that you will guard against speculative innovation,

which, unfortunately, in this our day, sways men’s best judgments.

“As you are fully alive to the present depressed and truly

deplorable state of our commercial affairs, which, if some relief

more than the stay of action upon executions for twelve months is

not immediately devised, will most assuredly prostrate and render

our young and enterprising merchants of this territory bankrupts,

and thus, alas! pave the way to ruin, and bring into active

operation the machinery of the debtor laws, with their ruinous and

demolishing consequences.

“It need hardly be observed that, upon installation in office,

your actions will be public, so that they need not blush at

daylight; besides, as you know, privacy is generally hateful, and

is indeed more worthy and characteristic of nocturnal clubs than

that of legislative assemblies, and thereby give every facility of

watching and judging the whole course of your official career for

your own exoneration and the satisfaction of your constituents.

You will, in all cases, particularly in the passage of bills,

laying off county lines and seats of justice, faithfully obey the

people’s instructions and correspond with them timorously; in

short, be entirely, as far as consistent, guided by petitions from

the people, and by so doing you will, in a great measure, get rid

of responsibility which otherwise you might not, and if your acts

do not turn out so favorable as have been anticipated, they (your

constituents) cannot, and will not, justly charge you with

dereliction of duty. Let it not be heard said of you, as of some

others, that you legislate for your own and that of your friends’

private interests, but for the general good of the country.

“In conclusion, I beg you to be very guarded how and in what

manner you vote, not voting for the cause one day, and the next

day jump about from ‘post to pillar,’ like jumping ‘Jim Crow,’ and

vote differently. These hints may be of some service to you.

Indeed, were it not that I have special interest in your welfare,

I should be the last individual in this community to advise you in

any shape or form. I have the honor to be, with due respect,

“ONE OF THE PEOPLE.

“Burlington, Dec. 9, 1837.”

Black Hawk’s constant mingling with the whites taught him another

familiar characteristic; one more likely than any other to get him

into difficulty–that of borrowing money. From Louisiana, Mo., I was

furnished with the copy of one of his financial engagements,

presented herewith, and for which I am under obligations to Mrs.

Fannie Anderson of Louisiana, Mo.

Thus in a tranquil, careless way Black Hawk was passing the

remainder of his days, without responsibilities and with the hearty

good will and esteem of every person who knew him. An old “plug” hat

was his passion; he so dearly loved it that some contend it was

placed upon his head when he was buried. In this and similar

eccentric adornments he one day rode into Fort Madison, by special

invitation, to attend a Fourth of July banquet, and it must be said

that it was a sorry day in his declining years in which he allowed

the whites to inveigle him into a speech. While his animosity toward

Keokuk was as bitter as ever, he had latterly learned to curb it

with discretion. Among the toasts for that occasion was one to which

he was asked to respond: “Our Illustrious Guest, Black Hawk–May his

declining years be as calm and serene as his previous life has been

boisterous and full of warlike incidents. His attachment and present

friendship to his white brethren fully entitle him to a seat at our

festive board.” After the sentiment was explained to him by an

interpreter, he responded as follows, his words being taken down by

two interpreters:

“It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. I have

eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother; we are now

on it, with the Great Spirit above us. It is good. I hope we are

all friends here. A few summers ago I was fighting against you. I

did wrong, perhaps, but that is past. It is buried; let it be

forgotten. Rock River was a beautiful country. I loved my towns,

my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is

now yours. Keep it as we did. It will produce you good crops. I

thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white

brethren. We are here together. We are friends. It is his wish and

mine. I thank you for your friendship. I was once a great warrior.

I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present situation,

but do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I have looked upon

the Mississippi since I was a child. I love the great river. I

have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant. I look

upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope

you are my friends.”

It is to be hoped that on this occasion Black Hawk was intoxicated,

not with liquor, but with pride at his flattering reception, and

that he forgot himself (as he once before did), when he thus

uncivilly spoke of Keokuk, the man who implored him to desist from

entering his disastrous campaign of 1832; the man who urged that

Black Hawk was deceived by liars; the man who, when Black Hawk was

imprisoned, took to him his wife and child and friends to cheer his

fallen spirits; the man who, with all the strength of his mighty

eloquence, urged the old man’s liberation; the man who pledged his

every resource as a guaranty of Black Hawk’s future good behavior

for that liberation; the man who stood at Black Hawk’s side when in

an evil hour he flew into a passion and defied those who were giving

him that liberation on Keokuk’s pledge, and who whispered in the

angry old man’s ear words of moderation, and then who rose and in

the greatness of his heart apologized for Black Hawk’s haste and

begged that it be overlooked; the man who at all times had but the

kindest of words for the old man’s failings and who, to please a

whim of passing envy, actually resigned his chieftainship into the

hands of his tribe to avoid friction, that his exalted position

might no longer wound the false pride of Black Hawk. No sacrifice

was ever demanded that he did not make for Black Hawk.

It was a shame to compromise the old man as he was drifting so

rapidly to the grave, and expose his foibles, then long forgotten.

In the fullness of his eloquence he made himself to speak of “my

towns, my cornfields, and my people,” as though he had been autocrat

of all the Indian tribes, when, in fact, he never had been a chief

and had naught whatever to say more than another about their

disposition or their government; but no blame shall go to Black Hawk

for that speech. Let the reader peruse and remember its concluding

words, which are as sweet and gentle and pathetic as one will find

in all literature, and forget the old man’s follies, for he was

mistaken, as many another has been before and since.

Black Hawk’s cabin stood about one hundred feet from the north bank

of the Des Moines River, a few rods from that of Mr. James H.

Jordan, the agent. Near it, on the sloping bank, stood two large

trees, an elm and an ash, so intertwined as to appear like one tree.

Close by flowed the clear waters of what was known as Black Hawk’s

Spring. Here, during the sultry days of summer, he would sit and

dreamily ponder over the scenes of his, long and turbulent career.

Before him was spread that old battlefield on which his nation

snatched from the Iowas their country and their homes–the same

country then passing to others. Then came a gloomy period of

melancholy, which enveloped him so completely that he said but

little, and that to his few intimates. In the summer of 1838 a party

of Iowas returned on a friendly visit to their old home and Black

Hawk held a friendly council with them at a place about half a mile

from his cabin. On that spot he directed that his body should be

buried. At this time he regarded the usual indifferences of the

Indians as personal slights, and while it may be true that many of

his whilom companions neglected to show him many of the little

civilities which white men might observe, the whites supplied them

with unusual attentions, and he should not have fretted as he did

fret. General Street, observing the same, thoughtfully made the

family a present of a cow, a property very unusual with an Indian.

This pleased him and the family immensely. Madam Black Hawk and her

daughter learned to milk, and during the warm days of 1838 the two

were often seen sitting beside their beloved cow, patiently brushing

away the troublesome flies and other insects. This daughter, though

married, remained with her parents to the time of Black Hawk’s death

and, it may be said, was the mainstay in their domestic affairs; a

model of neatness. It has been said that she and Madam Black Hawk

were so neat that the little yard was swept during the warmer months

once a day. One October day was designated as “ration day” which was

attended by nearly every Indian, leaving Black Hawk almost alone.

Though he had been sick of a fever[280] for many days, nothing

serious was feared. Mr. Jordan was with him to the last moment his

official duties would permit, leaving him, as he supposed, on the

high road to recovery; but the old man took a sudden turn for the

worse and within three hours after Mr. Jordan left his bedside Black

Hawk was dead, after a sickness of fourteen days.

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[Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S PROMISSORY NOTE.]

[Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S TOWER.]

[Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S POWDER HORN.]

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During Black Hawk’s sickness his wife, As-shaw-e-qua (Singing Bird),

was devoted in her attentions to him and deeply mourned his death.

Some days before it occurred she said: “He is getting old; he must

die. Monoto calls him home.”

His remains were followed to the grave by the family and about fifty

of the tribe, the chiefs and all others being absent at Fort

Armstrong to receive their rations. He was buried on the spot

selected by him prior to his death, which is best described by James

H. Jordan[281] in a letter to Dr. J.F. Snyder of Virginia, Ill., who

has written the best account of Black Hawk’s burial to be

found,[282] and to whom I am much indebted for points in this work:

“Eldon, Iowa, July 15, 1881.

“Black Hawk was buried on the Northeast Quarter of Section Two,

Township 70, Range 12, Davis County, Iowa, near the northeastern

corner of the county, on the Des Moines River bottom, about ninety

rods from where he lived at the time he died, and on the north

side of the river. I have the ground where he lived for a

dooryard, it being between my house and the river. The only mound

over the grave was some puncheons split out and set over his grave

and then sodded over with blue grass, making a ridge about four

feet high. A flagstaff, some twenty feet high, was planted at his

head, on which was a silk flag, which hung there until the wind

wore it out. My house and his were only four rods apart when he

died. He was sick only about fourteen days. He was buried right

where he sat the year before when in council with the Iowa

Indians, and was buried in a suit of military clothes, made to

order, and given to him when in Washington City by Gen. Jackson,

with hat, sword, gold epaulets, etc., etc.”

His body was placed on the surface of the ground in a sitting

posture, with his head toward the southeast, the body supported in

position by a wooden slab or puncheon. On his left side was placed a

cane given him by Henry Clay, with his right hand resting on it.

Three silver medals, the gifts of prominent persons in the east,

hung upon his breast.[283] There were also placed in the grave two

swords, a quantity of wampum, an extra pair of moccasins and other

articles of Indian costume, with a supply of provisions sufficient

to last him three days on his journey to the spirit land. Around the

body and the articles buried with him two large blankets were

closely wrapped. On his head was placed a military cap elaborately

ornamented with feathers. Forked sticks were firmly driven at the

head and foot of the grave and across these a pole was placed,

extending over the body. Against this pole split puncheons were laid

to a peak, the gables of the primitive vault being closed with

boards and the whole then sodded over. Near by was a hewn post

inscribed with Indian characters. Enclosing all was a strong

circular picket fence ten or twelve feet high.

One morning about the 1st of July, 1839, Madam Black Hawk, bitterly

weeping, called upon Mr. Jordan and informed him that the grave of

her husband had been opened and rifled of everything within.[284]

Mr. Jordan immediately instituted a search and traced the act to a

Dr. Turner of Lexington, in the County of Van Buren, who had sent

the body to St. Louis, where the bones were cleaned and then removed

to Quincy, where they were articulated. Much contention as to the

details of the body’s pilgrimage has existed, but the letter to be

found on page 10 hereof, written at the time, should conclusively

settle the matter.

At once Governor Lucas, then governor of the Territory of Iowa,

learned of the location of the bones; he sent for and received them

very soon thereafter, but when the sons of Black Hawk called upon

the Governor and found them “in a good dry place,” they concluded it

was best to allow them to remain in storage. Governor Lucas allowed

them to remain in his office for a little while and then deposited

them in the collections of the Burlington Geological and Historical

Society, where they remained until the year 1855, at which time they

were consumed by the fire which destroyed the building and all the

society’s collections. Thus all that remained mortal of Black Hawk

passed away in fire and smoke after the manner of his stormy life.

It was a spectacular finish and one Black Hawk might possibly have

courted in his strenuous days had it been less ignoble; but ignoble

it was and unworthy the man. To Madam Black Hawk and her children it

was an act of inhumanity which can never be forgiven by

civilization. If Black Hawk had faults, they were buried with his

body, which by all rules of decency should have remained sacred.

When the Sac nation was again removed to its new reservation in

Kansas, Madame Black Hawk with her family followed and there

remained until the 29th of August, 1846, when she died at the fine

old age of 85 years.

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APPENDIX

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[Illustration: CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]

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APPENDIX NO. 1.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

Little consideration should be given to the great majority of

stories told of Mr. Lincoln’s service in the Black Hawk War. If one

were to believe them all, one would find every man in the army to

have wrestled and vanquished him or otherwise participated in some

undignified frolic wherein he was made to appear ludicrously

delightful. While the age was one of jest and joust, and Mr. Lincoln

was apt at both, yet his career as captain in that war was temperate

and dignified.

In 1832 all of his young companions were strenuous, as were all the

young men of Illinois–itself young and vigorous. They bubbled over

with buoyant animal spirits and paid little heed to formalities. It

was especially an era of independence; discipline being regarded an

evidence of femininity, and formality a certain indication of

snobbishness. In the towns of (then) importance–more mature,

perhaps–that spirit might have been modified; but the times were

essentially of the open air order.

An atmosphere of politics likewise pervaded and the majority of

candidates affected that spirit of contempt for the little amenities

of life and comfort. When, therefore, those young spirits did not

like a command, the first impulse was not to obey it, and in point

of fact very few commands were obeyed, at least to the letter.[285]

To attempt enforcement generally meant disaster, whether the officer

was General or Second Lieutenant. Some scheme was usually found to

counteract the order, if at all distasteful to the volunteers.

While Mr. Lincoln was as stalwart as his generation, he was

self-possessed and handled his headstrong company with consummate

skill and was thoroughly beloved by his men. His known honesty,

fearlessness and prowess and willingness to back the same made it

possible to control his men, and from the most unmanageable in the

army they became at his request tractable. These characteristics

then made him a leader where others failed by swagger and vulgarity.

On the march and in camp stories were told; but Mr. Lincoln’s

stories were not ribald recitals, told only to express a vicious

conclusion. They were droll, quaint, homely perhaps, but full of

humor; new and invariably to the point.

When men congregate it is natural to seek entertainment; the best

adapted to surroundings, story-telling always finding the most

favor, consequently the best story-tellers were soon discovered and

courted. Thus in the camps in Beardstown and Rushville and on the

march to Yellow Banks, the genius of Mr. Lincoln was discovered and

quickly popularized.

At each resting-place diversion was sought in wrestling matches,

horse racing, foot racing and other kindred sports, and quickly

enough came Mr. Lincoln’s reputation as a champion in the manly

sports of the day, notably wrestling, which then, as now in new and

small villages, was made to measure a man’s standing. No one was

above a “match.” If he was, his presence in that locality soon

became a reminiscence. Add, then, the two accomplishments of Captain

Lincoln, and no imagination is required to account for his

tremendous popularity in the army.

At New Salem Mr. Lincoln adapted himself to his surroundings by

accepting the first challenge for a match that Mr. Offutt

unwittingly caused to be sent him by John Armstrong, and

notwithstanding the threatened interference by the “Clary’s Grove

Boys,” he asserted his strength and bravery to such advantage that

he became from that hour a respected leader, and the following year

that same Armstrong became his First Sergeant, while William and

Royal Clary became privates in his company. During the annual muster

in the fall of 1831 those same influences elected him captain of the

militia.

Being “out of a job” in the spring of 1832, the Black Hawk war

offered him employment which was at once accepted. On April 21st

sixty-eight men volunteered[286] to serve the state from “Richland,

Sangamon County,” and at the election which followed for captain Mr.

Lincoln was chosen by more than three-fourths of the men. Another,

one William Kirkpatrick, aspired to the same position. He was

pretentious, assumed a prominence in the neighborhood, questioned at

times, but never severely challenged, and when he announced a desire

for the office, he expected to get it. The two candidates were

placed a short distance away and the men were requested to fall in

behind the man they preferred for their captain. The proceeding was

simple, brief and overwhelmingly in favor of Mr. Lincoln, and he was

hilariously declared elected. Enrolling his company for sixty days’

service, he marched at its head to Beardstown to be mustered in.

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[Illustration: MUSTER ROLL OF CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]

[Illustration: MUSTER ROLL OF CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Captain Lincoln owned no horse and to make that march he was forced

to borrow, a not very difficult matter in those days; but on that

borrowed horse, at the head of his men, he marched into Beardstown,

“forty miles from the place of enrollment,” the proudest man in the

state. On April 28th the company was mustered into the service of

the state of Illinois by Col. John J. Hardin, Inspector-General of

the state and Mustering Officer. Two muster rolls were made out, one

by Colonel Hardin and one by Captain Lincoln, both of which are in

existence and one reproduced herein.

At Beardstown Captain Lincoln’s company was assigned to the Fourth

Regiment, of which his First Lieutenant, Samuel M. Thompson, was

elected Colonel April 30th, and William Kirkpatrick, late candidate

for captain, was made Quartermaster’s Sergeant, both quoted as

coming from “Richland Creek.”

On the 30th the last of the army, including Captain Lincoln’s

company, left Beardstown and encamped four miles north of Rushville.

On Tuesday, May 1st, the march for Yellow Banks, seventy or

seventy-five miles distant, was resumed and about twenty-five miles

covered, the army camping at a point on Crooked Creek in McDonough

County. On Wednesday, the 2d, another distance was made and the army

encamped in a large prairie, two miles from timber or water. The

night was cold and tempestuous.

At about 12 o’clock of Thursday, the 3d, the Henderson River was

reached and crossed, and before night the Yellow Banks in Warren

County was reached, where the army again encamped.[287] There, by

reason of delay in the arrival of the boat with provisions, the army

was compelled to remain the 4th, 5th and 6th, on which last-named

day the provisions arrived. On the morning of the 7th the army moved

for the mouth of Rock River, reaching that point about nightfall.

About Beardstown Captain Lincoln absorbed all the information to be

found concerning tactics and imparted the same to his company to the

best of his ability by frequent drills, stories of which have caused

many a hearty laugh. The best version of one of those celebrated

drills has been told by Ben. Perley Poore and is to be found on page

218 of “Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln”: “I remember his narrating

his first experience in drilling his company. He was marching with a

front of over twenty men across a field when he desired to pass

through a gateway into the next enclosure.

“‘I could not for the life of me,’ said he, ‘remember the proper

word of command for getting my company endwise so that it could get

through the gate, so as we came near the gate I shouted: “This

company is dismissed for two minutes, when it will fall in again on

the other side of the gate!”’” The story was told to picture the

position of someone in debate who could find no tactful way out of a

dilemma he had worked himself into. But Captain Lincoln was proud of

his company and expressed his pride on many occasions. Leonard Swett

obtained the story of that company direct from the lips of the

captain and it is to be found in the book last quoted, on page 465:

“Together with the talk of organizing a company in New Salem began

the talk of making Lincoln captain of it. His characteristics as an

athlete had made something of a hero of him. Turning to me with a

smile at the time, he said: ‘I cannot tell you how much the idea of

being the captain of that company pleased me.’

“But when the day of organization arrived a man who had been captain

of a real company arrived in uniform and assumed the organization of

the company. The mode of it was as follows: A line of two was formed

by the company, with the parties who intended to be candidates for

officers standing in front. The candidate then made a speech to the

men, telling them what a gallant man he was, in what wars he had

fought, bled and died, and how he was ready again, for the glory of

his country, to lead them; then another candidate, and when the

speech-making was ended they commanded those who would vote for this

man, or that, to form in line behind their favorite. Thus there were

one, two or three lines behind the different candidates, and then

they counted back, and the fellow who had the longest tail to his

kite was the real captain. It was a good way. There was no chance

for ballot-box stuffing or a false count.

“When the real captain with his regimentals came and assumed the

control, Lincoln’s heart failed him. He formed in the line with the

boys, and after the speech was made they began to form behind the

old captain; but the boys seized Lincoln and pushed him out of the

line and began to form behind him, and cried, ‘Form behind Abe,’ and

in a moment of irresolution he marched ahead, and when they counted

back he had two more[288] than the other captain.”

The lawlessness of the troops in camp and on the march caused

Governor Reynolds much annoyance and chagrin. When Major Long’s

battalion was ordered down the river the troops were especially

charged not to fire their guns aboard the boat, a charge unnecessary

with most men. So prevalent had that amusement become that the

celebrated order of April 30th was issued just as the little army

was taking up its march for the Yellow Banks. At the Henderson River

a crossing was effected only after great labor and more

inconvenience in the way of wet clothing, and probably to celebrate

so successful an event the firing was resumed, this time by Captain

Lincoln himself, which promptly brought upon his head his first

disgrace by being reprimanded and, as is generally conceded, by

being compelled to wear a wooden sword. That punishment was accepted

in good spirit, but no more firing was charged to his account during

the campaign; in fact, it made him more punctilious and watchful and

more insistent with his men. When off duty, however, he allowed

himself and his men the harmless diversions of camp life without

restraint.

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[Illustration: JOHN CALHOUN.]

[Illustration: WILLIAM POINTER.]

[Illustration: ORDER OF APRIL 30, FORBIDDING THE FIRING OF ARMS.]

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[Illustration: REV. PETER CARTWRIGHT.]

[Illustration: WILLIAM H. LEE.]

[Illustration]

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Captain Lincoln was magnetic and his men were drawn toward him from

admiration, and not alone because they knew he was a man of courage

and strength. That magnetism drew not only his immediate

acquaintances at New Salem, but his superior officers, and as he

advanced in life, it drew about him the men of influence and power

who later made a new and powerful political party. It attracted John

T. Stuart to invite him to his office to read law; it attracted the

voters of his district to beat Peter Cartwright, then the best-known

man in Illinois probably, for the legislature. That discipline kept

Captain Lincoln vigilant until the mouth of Rock River was reached,

and even the affair there was not one of commission.

During the night of May 9th one Royal P. Green, of the company of

Capt. Thomas McDow of Greene county, entered the officers’ quarters

and, with the assistance of a tomahawk, four buckets and some of

Lincoln’s command, secured enough liquor to enjoy a comfortable lark

and place a large number of Captain Lincoln’s men _hors de combat_.

On the morning of the 10th, the date fixed to begin the march up

Rock River, few were able to answer the roll call and few indeed

were able to take up the march for the Prophet’s town. For this

offense, which had been committed without the knowledge of the

Captain, and to his great surprise and mortification, that officer

was again reprimanded and ignobly compelled to wear for two days the

wooden sword. This he did “for the boys” with grim humor. As the men

sobered up and gradually straggled into camp that night, they

realized what their disgraceful behavior had brought to their

captain. Remorse, or some equally powerful agency, made Captain

Lincoln’s company a model one from that hour.

To claim that sports were not a feature of camp life and that

Captain Lincoln did not participate in them, were ridiculous.

Nine-tenths of that army were Kentuckians or Tennesseeans, every man

of which loved a horse. There were close upon two thousand horses in

camp; some better, some worse, and when off duty no time was allowed

to lapse without a horse race, a foot race or a wrestling match.

Into those contests Captain Lincoln did not obtrude himself, but he

was always counted on as “being ready” and on the spot. His men knew

his prowess and were proud of it, as was Offutt when he got the

Captain into the Armstrong affair. They were alert to advertise that

prowess at all times and willing to stake their last earthly

possession on his success. Such is human nature to-day. The best

foot runner, quoit pitcher, boxer or wrestler in a body of men has

followers constantly boasting the prowess of their favorite and

getting him into business, and many times into troubles. So Captain

Lincoln, to oblige his men, and likely his own inclination, took on

wrestling matches and vanquished his antagonists one after another

to the end of his service as a soldier.

The story of the match with Thompson, the wrestler, is no doubt

true, though difficult to locate. Some authorities have asserted

that Thompson came from Union County,[289] but as Union County

supplied but one company, that of Captain B.B. Craig, in which no

person named Thompson can be found, the Union County portion of it

must be eliminated. This is unfortunate when attempting to locate

the situs. Had Thompson been from Union County his company never

could have met either of the three companies with which Lincoln was

connected, because it did not reach the main army until Lincoln had

been discharged and was on his way home.

The story contains, with all its variations, the reference to his

position as captain, and no loss of prestige with his men; therefore

the event must have occurred at Beardstown, Rushville, Yellow Banks,

Dixon’s Ferry, Ottawa or some one of the camps along that route, and

prior to May 27th, the date of his muster out. At any rate the story

is as follows:

Thompson, a man of burly form, champion of his section, was tendered

to Captain Lincoln for a match in a way that to decline it would

have disgraced his men and his friends. Captain Lincoln was not

given to separating himself from a responsibility at any time, and

without formality accepted the challenge. Up to that date there had

been no pay-day and it is safe to assume that the entire company

could not inventory five dollars in money; but the men had knives,

souvenirs, watches and knickknacks, the last one of which was staked

on the issue of the match. The combatants grappled and it soon

became evident that Thompson was qualified to bear championship

laurels. The tussle was long and uncertain and keyed all the men up

to a high tension, as each contestant was being cheered to a

victory; but Thompson, after a hard battle, secured the first fall.

Lincoln could recognize a worthy antagonist and before taking on the

second bout said to his friends: “This is the most powerful man I

ever had hold of. He will throw me and you will lose your all unless

I act on the defensive.” Accordingly, when the men came together

again, Captain Lincoln played for a “crotch holt,” which Thompson

was able to avoid. Then, as the struggle progressed, the trick of

“sliding away,” was tried. In this Captain Lincoln was more

successful, for in the scramble for advantage both men went to the

ground in a heap, which, according to the ethics of frontier

wrestling, is denominated a “dog fall,” hence a draw. Armstrong

claimed a victory, at which a storm of protest went up from Captain

Lincoln’s backers, and a free fight was imminent. Believing that

trouble was imminent, Captain Lincoln came forward, and in a voice

which compelled attention, exclaimed, “Boys, the man actually threw

me once fair, broadly so, and the second time, this very fall, he

threw me fairly, though not apparently so,”[290] and that settled

the question for all time, though “dog fall” was frequently repeated

during the remainder of the campaign by the Captain’s partisans.

That defeat and the acknowledgment of it in no sense diminished the

influence or standing of Captain Lincoln with his men or those who

were beginning to know and like him.

In later years men took advantage of his prominence to claim many

untrue familiarities in the Black Hawk war. For instance: William L.

Wilson, who was a private in Capt. M.G. Wilson’s company, wrote,

under date of February 3d, 1882: “I have during that time had much

fun with the afterwards President of the United States, Abraham

Lincoln. I remember one time of wrestling with him, two best in

three, and ditched him. He was not satisfied and tried it in a foot

race, for a five-dollar bill. I won the money and ’tis spent long

ago. And many more reminiscences could I give, but I am of the

Quaker persuasion and not much given to writing.” There are some

other qualities belonging to the Quaker persuasion which might have

been regarded with advantage in the manufacture of that story.

A story for which there is no warrant of authority, except constant

repetition, is the one of the drinking contest. At first the scene

was located at Beardstown, but afterward Colonel Strode, having

heard it, appropriated the glory of the contest to himself, at least

one-half of it, and located the same at Dixon’s Ferry. The question

of strength having arisen, Captain Lincoln was quoted as being the

strongest man in the army. Strode challenged the statement by

offering to bet that he and nobody else could raise a barrel of

whisky and drink from its bunghole. The partisans of Captain Lincoln

accepted the challenge, produced the whisky and their favorite, and

Colonel Strode made his boast good by raising the barrel and taking

his drink from the bunghole. The feat seemed impossible, but having

been witnessed by a reputable crowd of men, could not be gainsaid.

Captain Lincoln is said to have then stepped forward, and with much

greater ease swung the barrel to his lips and taken his drink,

thereby besting Strode in his boast.

An addition was made to the story in later years by having Strode

exclaim, “Well, I thought you said you never drank any whisky,

Captain Lincoln!”

“I don’t drink whisky, Colonel Strode,” replied Captain Lincoln, and

forthwith he spat the whisky upon the ground.

At the mouth of the Rock River the company was sworn into the United

States service by Gen. Henry Atkinson. It is but recently that the

author has been able to determine that much disputed point, and it

must be admitted that the discovery was made with pain. From the

days of his earliest boyhood, he had believed that Jefferson Davis

was the mustering officer and that there the two men who later

became so conspicuous, yet divergent, in the eyes of the world, met

for the first time, the one asking the other if he would support the

constitution of the United States and fight for the flag.

For generations that tradition has obtained. It has been repeated by

the highest authorities, even by President Lincoln himself, if we

may believe Ben. Perley Poore and others who have claimed the

distinction of hearing him so state. The point was generally fixed

at Dixon’s Ferry, the birthplace of the author, and for that reason,

steeped with the tradition from his earliest boyhood, it must be

admitted that the discovery of the truth was made with profound

grief. There can be no mistake about the truthfulness of that

discovery. Major Nathaniel Buckmaster was second in command of the

army. He was a careful and conscientious officer. He wrote the fact

in a letter to his wife on the following day, and that letter is

herewith reproduced as evidence. It may be said that General

Atkinson might have sworn in the general officers, while a minor

officer like Lieutenant Davis might have administered the oath to

the captains and men, but it is not conceivable why more than one

officer should be employed for so small a body of men, and it cannot

be imagined why the captains would be separated from the few

officers of the general staff. In fact, if General Atkinson were to

have made a specialty of or distinction, it seems fair to presume

that he would have included the captains with the officers sworn in.

On the 9th General Atkinson issued orders to the troops to march on

the morning of the 10th, which they did, reaching the Prophet’s town

in the afternoon, where camp was established for the night.

The following day, instead of remaining at that point, Reynolds

pushed up the river twelve miles and again camped.

On the morning of the 12th the baggage was abandoned and a forced

march made to Dixon’s Ferry. There Captain Lincoln remained the

12th, 13th and 14th, at which last-named date Stillman was defeated

and his men returned to Dixon’s pell-mell during all hours of the

night.

On the 15th he went up the river, reaching the battlefield just

before dark. After the burial of the dead he camped and next day

returned to Dixon’s, where he remained until the 19th, when he

pushed up the river in pursuit of the Indians. Twelve miles out he

camped until the 20th, when he again marched to Stillman’s

battlefield, at which point Captain Goodan was placed under arrest

for some breach of duty, demonstrating that Captain Lincoln was not

the only officer of that rank to suffer punishment.

On the 21st the army moved over to a point on Rock River, where it

camped until the 22d, moving then over to the Kishwaukee and up the

same about ten miles from its mouth, where camp was established and

the army rested until the following morning.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: LETTER OF MAJ. NATHANIEL BUCKMASTER.]

[Illustration: LETTER OF MAJ. NATHANIEL BUCKMASTER.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

On the 23d the army moved about twelve miles in a southeasterly

direction to the Pottawatomie village on Sycamore Creek, at which

point, after a consultation with all the captains, it was decided to

march to the mouth of Fox River and there discharge the volunteers.

At the village were found the scalps of Stillman’s men and evidences

of Indians, but no sentiment could move the men to continue the

pursuit of them. Some few articles of Indian property were found at

the village, all of which were confiscated by the men. Much

confusion has in the past been caused by the terms Kishwaukee and

Sycamore Creek, when no such name as the latter can now be found on

the maps, but an explanation can be found in the fact that in those

days many called the stream by both names, interchangeably, while

others especially called the south branch of the Kishwaukee River by

the name of Sycamore Creek. Afterward the latter branch continued by

the name Sycamore Creek until settlements increased, when finally,

to avoid confusion, the present name of Kishwaukee River was given

to both branches. Sycamore Creek meant then the south branch of the

Kishwaukee.

On the morning of the 24th the march was resumed, the army camping

near the “Paw Paw village,” which was also robbed by the men. On the

25th Fox River was reached, most of the day being spent there in

searching men for articles of plunder taken from the two Indian

villages. On the 26th, being very near the end of the journey, the

march was very leisurely pursued for twelve miles, where the last

camp before reaching Ottawa was established, and where the men

remained until the following morning, the 27th, when Ottawa was

reached. On that and the following days the Illinois volunteers were

mustered out by Major Buckmaster.

During that march along Sycamore Creek the story is told of an old

Pottawatomie Indian who came into camp, tired and hungry. His age

should have commanded respect, and probably would under

circumstances at all different, but in that instance the first

chance to kill a supposed enemy was presented and his death was

demanded. The poor old Indian produced from his garments a safe

conduct signed by Gen. Lewis Cass, pleading protection under it.

“Make an example of him,” cried one. “The letter is a forgery,”

cried others, and still others called him a spy, and the poor old

fellow was in danger of death, when Captain Lincoln, “his face

swarthy with resolution and rage,” stepped forward, even between the

cowering Indian and the guns pointed at him, and shouted, “This must

not be; he must not be shot and killed by us,” and the men recoiled.

“This is cowardly on your part, Lincoln,” one man said; to which

Captain Lincoln instantly replied, “If any man thinks I am a coward

let him test it.” Still defiant, another cried, “Lincoln, you are

larger and heavier than we are,” but that miserable objection was

quickly disposed of by the rejoinder from the Captain, “This you can

guard against; choose your weapons.” It is needless to add that no

one chose a weapon and that the Indian departed in safety.

On the 27th, the day Captain Lincoln was mustered out, he

re-enlisted as a private in the company of Elijah Iles, which was

one of the six companies to enter the twenty-day service,[291]

pending the organization of the new levies at Fort Wilbourn. He

remained with the company at Ottawa and in camp on the opposite bank

of the river until the morning of the 6th, when the company marched

for Dixon’s Ferry. The first night out the company camped at a point

a little south and east of what is now Sublette in Lee County, and

reached Dixon’s Ferry the evening of the 7th. On the morning of the

8th the company started for Galena, camping that night about twenty

miles out; the night of the 9th near Apple River Fort, now

Elizabeth, in Jo Daviess County, and in the forenoon of the 10th the

company reached Galena.

On the 11th it started on its return march over the same trail

pursued in going, camping at the same places, reaching Dixon’s Ferry

the night of June 13th, from which point it started on the 14th, and

reached Fort Wilbourn, where, on the evening of the 15th, the

company was mustered out by Lieut. Robert Anderson, and where, on

the following day, Mr. Lincoln was mustered into the company of Dr.

(Captain) Jacob M. Early, along with John T. Stuart and other

ex-captains, majors and minor officers.

On the 20th his company, which was an independent one, reporting

direct to General Atkinson, started for Dixon’s Ferry, arriving

there the evening of the 21st, and remaining at that point until

noon of the 27th, when he, with the second division of the army,

began his final march in pursuit of Black Hawk. Twelve miles out he

camped, and in the afternoon of the 29th once more reached and

camped on Stillman’s battlefield, six miles from Sycamore or

Kishwaukee Creek, as stated by Albert Sidney Johnston at the time.

On the morning of the 30th, he traveled four miles above Sycamore

Creek, to a point on Rock River “which is very narrow at this place,

and continues so.”

July 1st, the journal tells us: “Marched this morning seven miles

from the last encampment. Came to Rock River, which is scarcely one

hundred yards wide at this point. There is in the bluff a remarkably

fine spring, thickly shaded with cedar trees, the first I ever saw.

The bluff is pebbly. About half a mile above, a narrow, rapid creek

empties into Rock River, one mile below Pecatonica, known by the

name of Brown’s Creek. Encamped this evening in the fork of Turtle

Creek and Rock River, above the mouth of Turtle Creek.”

On the 2d he proceeded, after considerable suffering for want of

water, to the mouth of “the river of the Four Lakes,” on the banks

of a large pond.

On the 3d Lake Koshkonong, or “Mud Lake,” was reached, and there the

troops remained the 4th, 5th and 6th, Captain Early’s company doing

constant duty as a spy company or scouting party.

On the 7th the army moved up to Whitewater River and about four

miles up that stream, to which point the divisions of Posey and

Alexander came and camped.

On the 8th a council of war was held, at which it was resolved to

return to the mouth of the Whitewater and operate from that point.

On reaching the point where the troops were encamped on the 7th, the

army halted for the night. From that point Captain Early’s company

was constantly engaged in scouring the country in search of the

fleeing Indians, without any success at all. Many trails were

reported, but on following them up each proved abortive.

Provisions had become scarce. The enemy was as far away as ever. The

necessity of a different campaign became apparent. Captain Dunn, who

had been shot by accident, was recovering and was about to be

returned to Dixon’s Ferry under escort of Col. John Ewing’s

Regiment. Henry and Alexander had been detached to go to Fort

Winnebago for provisions, thus virtually disrupting the army. At

that stage General Atkinson considered it best to dismiss the

independent commands. Accordingly, on July 10th, 1832, the company

of Captain Early was mustered out of the service, and its members,

including Private Abraham Lincoln, started for Dixon’s Ferry with

the detachment of Colonel Ewing, who took with him all the sick and

decrepit men of the army.

The men fell down the river to Dixon’s Ferry, along the same route

pursued by them up that stream, but did not move so rapidly for the

reason that many of the men had lost their horses by death, theft

and one or another cause.

Among those to have lost their horses were Mr. Lincoln and his chum,

George Harrison, but during the march those who had horses cheerfuly

gave up the use of them to the unfortunate, and on the whole a jolly

time of it was had all the way down the river.

On that march up the river Mr. Lincoln’s mess was composed of five

men–himself, his stepbrother, John D. Johnston, G.B. Fanchier,

George Harrison, all privates, and First Corporal R.M. Wyatt, all of

Captain Early’s company. During all of Mr. Lincoln’s service he was

ever ready to march or move upon the phantom enemy. While scouting

up in the swamps around Lake Koshkonong, he was the first to say,

“Let’s go.” He was tireless on the march and overflowing with

anecdote at all times.

The story has been told of him that while returning to Dixon’s Ferry

after his discharge, his shoes were so worn that he preferred going

without them. One morning was particularly chilly, which brought out

the complaint that he was very cold. “No wonder,” replied his

neighbor, “there is so much of you on the ground.” That story may be

truthful, but nevertheless the skeptical listener is forced to

wonder how anyone could suffer to any great extent during the last

few days of July, the hottest of the year. It is also a noteworthy

fact that the story has never been authenticated by the names of

eye-witnesses.

From Dixon’s Ferry Mr. Lincoln, with his companion, George Harrison,

crossed the country to the point on the Illinois River later called

Peru; thence to Peoria, where they bought a canoe in which to paddle

themselves down the Illinois River as far as Havana. While Harrison

supplied the commissary, Mr. Lincoln made an oar or paddle to be

used as motive power–one large enough to endure hard service. Just

below Pekin they overtook two men on a log raft, upon which the two

soldiers were invited. It was meal time, and, western fashion, the

hungry men were invited to join the raftsmen. Cornbread, fish, eggs,

butter, coffee and similar luxuries were lavishly supplied, and from

Mr. Lincoln’s own statements he did justice to the meal.

Arrived at Havana, the canoe was sold without trouble and the two

companions set out overland for New Salem, Lincoln’s long strides

blazing the way and leading poor Harrison a pace he never forgot.

While no military achievement brought glory to Mr. Lincoln, he was

ever after fond of recording his experiences in the Black Hawk War

and relating stories of the ridiculous things which were done in his

campaigns. Repetition by others caused their enlargement, until the

number and variety became very great. Those stories attracted

attention to him in Congress and brought him a considerable

following, and finally a reputation, when he made his celebrated

speech on “Military Coattails,” into which he injected portions of

his Black Hawk War experiences in a way to ridicule the life out of

the military pretensions of Lewis Cass.

Again quoting from Ben. Perley Poore, we find:[292]

“Soon after the presidential campaign of 1848 was opened, Alfred

Iverson, a Democratic Representative from Georgia, made a political

speech, in which he accused the Whigs of having deserted their

financial and tariff principles and of having ‘taken shelter under

the military coattails of General Taylor,’ then their presidential

candidate. This gave Mr. Lincoln as a text for his reply, ‘Military

Coat-tails.’ He had written the heads of what he had intended to say

on a few pages of foolscap paper, which he placed on a friend’s

desk, bordering on an alleyway, which he had obtained permission to

speak from. At first he followed his notes, but as he warmed up, he

left his desk and his notes to stride down the alley toward the

Speaker’s chair, holding his left hand behind him so that he could

now and then shake the tails of his own rusty black broadcloth dress

coat, while he earnestly gesticulated with his long right arm,

shaking the bony index finger at the Democrats on the other side of

the chamber. Occasionally, as he would complete a sentence amid

shouts of laughter, he would return up the alley to his desk,

consult his notes, take a sip of water and start off again.

“Toward the close of his speech Mr. Lincoln poured a torrent of

ridicule upon the military reputation of General Cass, and then

alluded to his own exploits as a soldier in the Black Hawk War,

‘where,’ he continued, ‘I fought, bled and came away. If General

Cass saw any live, fighting Indians at the battle of the Thames,

where he served as aide-de-camp to General Harrison, it was more

than I did, but I had a good many bloody struggles with the

mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I

can truly say I was often very hungry. Mr. Speaker,’ added Mr.

Lincoln, ‘if I should ever conclude to doff whatever our Democratic

friends may suppose there is of black-cockade Federalism about me,

and thereupon they shall take me up as their candidate for the

Presidency, I protest they shall not make fun of me as they have of

General Cass, by attempting to write me into a military hero.’[293]

“Mr. Lincoln received hearty congratulations at the close, many

Democrats joining the Whigs in their complimentary comments. The

speech was pronounced by the older members of the House almost equal

to the celebrated defense of General Harrison by Tom Corwin, in

reply to an attack made on him by a Mr. Crary of Ohio.”

APPENDIX NO. 2.

JEFFERSON DAVIS IN THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

In the year 1832, when the State of Illinois was but fourteen years

of age, there was to be found on the south bank of Rock River,

sixty-five miles above its mouth, a frontier post called Dixon’s

Ferry. It was an unpretentious affair, consisting of a solitary

tenement laid east and west, in three sections, and built of logs–a

cozy but rambling affair ninety feet in length.

At this point the great “Kellogg’s trail,” run by O.W. Kellogg in

the year 1827, crossed the river, and John Dixon, from whom the

ferry derived its name and its existence, had lived here with his

family since early in the year 1830, entertaining travelers,

operating the ferry and trading with the “suckers” who journeyed to

and from the mining district and Indians. This famous old trail was

then the route pursued by the argonauts of all the southern country

in search of sudden wealth in the mines. It was the great

thoroughfare from Peoria, then more commonly referred to as Fort

Clark, to Galena, sought by those from the St. Louis country on the

southwest and the old Vincennes country to the southeast, and

followed on northwesterly past Dixon’s Ferry to Galena, where the

crowds dispersed and scattered for the “diggings” over northwestern

Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin, then a part of Michigan

Territory. Later the Government mail route changed the old trail to

a straighter course between Galena and Dixon’s Ferry, thence leaving

it for an easterly direction through DeKalb, Kane, DuPage and Cook

counties the route continued to Chicago.

Famous old days were those in the West and famous men traveled that

trail in those old days! From the miner and prospector to the

merchant; from the mail carrier to the soldier; from the circuit

preacher to the circuit law rider following a peripatetic court.

From Peter Cartwright, the energetic Methodist preacher, who swam

swollen streams and rivers to keep his word, and who, if rumor be

true, brought in more than one obstreperous recruit with a flogging,

to Col. James M. Strode, the then noted but erratic criminal lawyer

of Galena; from Lieut.-Col. Zachary Taylor, who afterward became

President of the United States, and Gen. Winfield Scott, who wanted

to be, to Lieut. Jefferson Davis, who was President of the Southern

Confederacy, and Capt. Abraham Lincoln, who dissolved it, we find

them all associated with the old trail and eating and lodging with

mine host Dixon, singly and together; those who were later to become

Cabinet Ministers, United States Senators, Representatives,

Governors, and soldiers and statesmen without number.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: LIEUT. JEFFERSON DAVIS.]

White men and Indians alike made their pilgrimages along that trail,

stopping over with Mr. Dixon to strengthen the inner man and

replenish their stock of supplies. With the Indians he was

particularly popular, insomuch that he became their counselor and

arbitrator, and likewise their banker. In turn, as a recognition of

his many and kindly offices, the Winnebagoes adopted him into their

tribe, naming him Na-chu-sa (long hair white). This affection for

the old patriarch was equally manifested by the whites, and when the

time came to bespeak it there was left no uncertainty respecting the

judgment. His silent influence became so potent that in the year

1840, with Galena the political and commercial power of the

Northwest, he took from her to his own town the United States Land

Office.

When the subject of removal was first broached it appeared so

ridiculously impossible that nothing in Galena but laughter

protested, but John Dixon’s tavern was stronger than the politics

and commercial prestige of the giant philistine, and her haughty

pride was humbled. Singly he journeyed on to Washington, and for the

simple asking, the office, the most potential factor in the politics

of that day, was ordered removed to Dixon–the miracle of the century

in Illinois politics.

The man’s venerable personality, his charming sweetness of

disposition, his rugged honesty, and possibly his little account

book, were altogether too powerful for the antagonists of those

rugged days, and before passing that same little account book it may

be well to run hastily over its pages.

Colonel Strode was exceedingly familiar with them; one might say

that he took liberties with them. First we find Colonel Strode

Dr.–To Cash–$10.00, and again Strode was Dr.–To Cash–$5.00;

invariably cash, running clear through from cover to cover.

Col. William S. Hamilton, son of General Alexander Hamilton, whose

business ventures were as varied as they were numerous, was favored

with merchandise to the extent of many pages and many hundreds of

dollars, and so, by the by, was Col. Zachary Taylor, only to more

modest amounts. One entry characteristic of the times is laughable

enough. Here it is: “Col. Z. Taylor–To Md’se. (including a shirt

pattern), $6:50,” and then follows its liquidation in a still more

laughable manner: “Settled by note.”

There is humor for you! The hero of more than one war and President

of the United States settling an account of $6.50 by note of hand!

But the note was paid in due time, we are assured by Miss F. Louise

Dixon, the owner of the little book with such historic credits and

debits.

Even the dignity of Gen. Winfield Scott was not above the acceptance

of the hospitality of those friendly pages, for we find entries

which tell of the manner they had obliged him, but the punctilio

observed by him in the discharge of those little accounts was

manifested by the same precision one would expect from the dignified

old soldier, who was nothing if not precise.

Men came and traded, traveled afar off and returned to settle,

sometimes a year from date and sometimes at a still longer date, but

they returned, and the score at Mr. Dixon’s was never forgotten.

Today the debtor was a miner; tomorrow he might be a contractor, and

later he might be a lawyer, but in meeting his obligations he was

always a man.

On one occasion we find this same Colonel Hamilton, who had

contracted two hundred steers to be delivered to the Government

agency at Green Bay, Wisconsin, driving them from Springfield,

Illinois, through Chicago, and thence northward to his destination.

In the same month he was operating “Hamilton’s diggings,” and

subsequently he was defending a noted Mormon at Nauvoo, Illinois,

charged with the commission of a crime, and yet again he was

commanding a band of Menominee Indians in the Black Hawk War; always

strenuous and always unqualifiedly successful.

Backward and forward the people came, forgetting never to stop over

with genial Mr. Dixon. Travel was constant, and in a general sense

men were prosperous, particularly in the mines.

Though freely encroaching on the land of the Winnebagoes, no

troubles had ensued since the “Winnebago scare” of 1827, when Red

Bird was captured for an unwarranted attack upon the whites.

A little riffle was caused in 1831 by Black Hawk, but nothing

serious arose to disturb the tranquillity of the settlements until

the year 1832. Possibly if the affair of 1831 had been more serious

the one of 1832 would have been less disastrous.

In the spring of the year 1832, Black Hawk and his “British band,”

as it was denominated, of the Sac tribe of Indians, disregarding all

former treaties, one of them so late as the preceding summer,

crossed the Mississippi in search of trouble. He had traveled up

Rock River, stopping one day with Mr. Dixon, and then continued to a

point some thirty miles above, where Stillman and his militia in

attempting later to dislodge them, were signally defeated, and in

consequence consternation spread over the entire West.

Then it was the log cabin of John Dixon took on a national

reputation, which its memory has ever since maintained, and which

must stand by it so long as our country endures, and then, indeed,

the account books took on an importance seldom acquired in the

affairs of bookdom. Then the tide turned, too, from lawyers and

“suckers” to soldiers, and the flower and chivalry of the State and

Nation went forth to concentrate at Dixon’s Ferry to contest the

advance of Black Hawk and his mercenaries, who had fought the

Americans at every opportunity from the beginning of the century.

[Illustration: LIEUT. J.J. ABERCROMBIE. U.S.A]

[Illustration: LIEUT. GEORGE WILSON. U.S.A]

[Illustration: COL. NATHAN BOONE.]

[Illustration:

LIEUT. ROBERT ANDERSON, U.S.A.

(Copyrighted, as stated in index.)

]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

In addition to those named there were Gen. Hugh Brady, Gen. Henry

Atkinson, Col. Nathan Boone, son of Daniel Boone, Capt. W.S. Harney,

Robert Anderson, Jefferson Davis, N.J. Eaton, Albert Sidney

Johnston, Joseph E. Johnston, Bennet Riley, W.M. Graham, George

Wilson, Kearney, Abercrombie, Gardenier, William Whistler, M.L.

Clark, of the regular army, and of the militia, Capt. Abraham

Lincoln, Gen. Henry Dodge, Gen. George W. Jones, Gov. John Reynolds,

Gen. E.D. Baker, O.H. Browning, John A. McClernand, John Dement,

Harrison Wilson, James D. Henry, Sidney Breese, Jacob Fry, Samuel

Whiteside, Adam W. Snyder and others without number, who became

famous in the history of the country at subsequent periods.

The regulars stationed at Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis) started

under Atkinson up the Mississippi for Fort Armstrong (Rock Island),

from which point the General, with a small detachment, proceeded

further up to Fort Crawford (Prairie du Chien), to secure the

assistance of the troops stationed there under Lieut.-Col. Zachary

Taylor, and those at Fort Winnebago (Portage, Wisconsin) under

Lieut.-Col. Enos Cutler. Those under Taylor returned with Atkinson

to Fort Armstrong to meet the militia of the State of Illinois, then

gathering at Beardstown, preparatory to moving up to the mouth of

Rock River, where a junction was to be formed with the regulars.

Other troops under General Scott were subsequently ordered from

Fortress Monroe. Others under Brady were ordered to Dixon’s Ferry

from Detroit, taking in the Fort Winnebago men, the whole finally

making an army formidable enough to annihilate all the Indians in

the West if Indians could have been drawn into a general engagement.

On the 12th of May, 1832, the militia under Governor Reynolds and

Gen. Samuel Whiteside arrived, almost simultaneously with a company

of troops from the mining district under the intrepid Gen. Henry

Dodge. On the 17th the regulars under General Atkinson arrived, and

on this day Jefferson Davis assisted in mustering into the United

States service the newly-formed Fifth Regiment, of which James

Johnson of Macon County had been made Colonel just before.

In this first campaign of 1832 Lincoln was captain of a company of

militia composed of sixty-nine as intractable and headstrong men as

could be found at that very independent period, extravagantly

opposed to discipline, acknowledging no superior, yet managed with

skill and credit to all by the captain, who, under ordinary

circumstances, chafed under restraint much less severe than that

which military authority imposed and which few western men

respected.

The age was one of independence, and that, more than anything else,

was the cause of Stillman’s defeat. Private differences were settled

without the assistance of courts, which were few and far between.

One man was as good as his neighbor, and if anyone disputed the

proposition it generally cost him a sore head. Those men who had

fought in the war of 1812, without the assistance of the general

Government, looked with profound contempt on the gold trappings of

the regular officer and his tedious routine, and Governor Reynolds,

diplomat that he was in handling western character, was put to the

limit of his ability and endurance in smoothing over the

difficulties which were needlessly created by this miserable spirit

of independence. But by appointing officers of the regular

establishment on his personal staff, requesting General Atkinson to

accept some of the militia on his staff,[294] which he cheerfuly

did, and finally instructing others in the gentle art of “mixing” he

was finally able to overcome almost every obstacle which arose.

Officers of the militia were invited to mess with the regulars, and

vice versa, and through the friendly offices of the Governor,

Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were brought together for the

first time and “messed” at Mr. Dixon’s table.

Albert Sidney Johnston, then a second lieutenant, accompanied the

expedition from Jefferson Barracks and was appointed on the

Governor’s staff with Robert Anderson. Lieutenant Johnston’s

journal, kept regularly during the entire campaign, and which is

fortunately preserved to us at this day, is a valuable and

entertaining document.

When Atkinson was ordered to the front, Lieut. Robert Anderson was

at Jefferson Barracks making an inspection. Asking and obtaining

leave to accompany the expedition, he was appointed Assistant

Inspector-General of the militia, and, as before stated, made a

member of the Governor’s staff, with the rank of Colonel.

Gen. W.S. Harney, then a captain, and Jefferson Davis, then a

lieutenant, were both absent on furlough when Black Hawk crossed the

Mississippi, but on hearing of his purpose, each at once returned,

rejoined his regiment at the mouth of Rock River and continued

throughout the campaign to its close.[295]

The season was unusually rainy, and by the time the troops had

reached Dixon’s Ferry they were nearly exhausted with fording creeks

and towing the unmanageable keel boats up the river, many times

wading waist deep in mire and water to propel them.

Stillman had been defeated on the 14th, and by the time General

Atkinson’s forces reached the ferry the militia and its officers

were a panicky lot.

The War Department at Washington shows that Lieut. Jefferson Davis

applied for a leave of absence and left Fort Crawford to go upon the

same on the 26th day of March, 1832, and that he formally rejoined

his command from leave August 18th, 1832, sixteen days after the

battle of the Bad Axe, the last engagement of the campaign, which

would inferentially indicate that he was absent from duty all the

time between those dates and inferentially not in the campaign.

In a letter written by Mr. Davis on the 8th day of August, 1882,

from Beauvoir, Mississippi, to Gen. George W. Jones of Dubuque,

Iowa, he stated: “In the spring of 1832 I was relieved by Lieut.

I.R.B. Gardenier, as private matters required me to go to

Mississippi, my home. * * *”

So far there is no conflict. But while his official letter

acknowledging his return to his regiment is not dated till August

18th, he was present in flesh and blood from start to finish,

delaying that perfunctory duty until he was once more back to

quarters and relieved of the fatigues and manifold annoyances of a

campaign through swamps and bogs and innumerable privations. And

while touching upon the general subject of war records, I beg to

state that I attended the funeral of an officer killed at the battle

of Shiloh–literally shot to pieces–yet there stands to this day

against his name in the Adjutant-General’s reports this “record:”

“Absent on furlough.” The officer had no opportunity to take the

furlough, and it took the affidavits of half the town to make the

department believe he was not actually alive. The facts in the case

are exactly stated by Col. William Preston Johnston, late President

of Tulane University, in his very interesting “Life of General A.S.

Johnston,” at page 36: “Jefferson Davis, who was with General Gaines

in his operations in 1831, was absent on furlough in Mississippi

when the Black Hawk war broke out, but gave up his furlough, and,

joining his company, served in the campaign.” This was told him by

Mr. Davis himself when Colonel Johnston was writing the book, as

well as many other little incidents, including one of Stillman’s

defeat, and should be regarded as conclusive for all time. But as

various writers, with more regard for revenue than right, have

sought to discredit the truth because a negative inference from the

record gave them the opportunity of avoiding a little labor, I have

collected from various sources a complete detail of Mr. Davis’

movements during the campaign.

On the 17th day of May, when General Atkinson arrived at Dixon’s

Ferry, the militia were discontented, disconcerted and on the verge

of insubordination. Governor Reynolds had on the morning of the 15th

issued a call for two thousand more troops to rendezvous at

Hennepin, and only by the most frantic appeals had he been able to

hold the others together until Atkinson arrived.

It is true the provisions had been exhausted and the volunteers were

living on less than half rations, but it is equally true that this

was due entirely to their own improvidence and wastefulness.

The troops under Stillman, after their defeat on the 14th, had

consented to remain in the service to protect the frontier until a

new levy could be raised. Accordingly, so soon as they returned from

the burial of their dead, on the 16th, the Fifth Regiment was

organized, and on the following day, when the troops under the

commanding general arrived, the regiment was sworn into the United

States service.

On the 15th Strode, who was colonel and commander of the militia of

Jo Daviess County, had been instructed to hasten back to the mines

and organize his forces to protect that very important frontier,

which all recognized as the one to suffer from the attacks of the

Indians at almost any hour. He quickly returned, but, being utterly

unable to manage the intractable spirits of that locality, he had

declared martial law. This act inflamed the people to a high degree

of passion and rumors of its effects had reached the ears of

Governor Reynolds.

General Atkinson was consulted at once on his arrival, and Lieut.

Jefferson Davis and two or three other officers were detailed to go

post haste to Galena and, if possible, bring order out of the chaos

which Strode had precipitated.

The departure of Lieutenant Davis on the 17th and his mission to

Galena have been related to me by Mr. Dixon on more than one

occasion. Fortunately, others remembered the circumstance and

reduced it to writing, making a mistake impossible on that point.

Among the many documents which have come to my attention in

connection with this search is an old yellow letter in the

possession of Gen. John C. Smith of Chicago, written to him years

ago by H. Hezekiah Gear, who was a captain and served throughout the

Black Hawk campaign. Captain Gear was a man of character and

influence in the community and his memory or veracity has never yet

been called into question. This letter details this very visit in a

concise yet luminous fashion:

“I had a partial acquaintance with Lieut. Jefferson Davis. I had a

partial acquaintance with him when this whole domain was under

savage rule, except ten miles square about Galena and western

garrisons. He was, I _think_, at the Winnebago disturbance in 1827.

He was at Fort Winnebago on the Wisconsin River, and in 1832

stationed at Prairie du Chien, in the then Colonel Taylor’s

regiment.

“He came at the commencement of the Sauk and Fox war to Galena to

counsel with us in relation to defense, with a number of officers,

his superiors, for a day or so.

“At the same time the Governor of Illinois, by proclamation, called

every able-bodied man into the field. Came to Galena on Saturday;

all in commotion. Colonel Strode commanding.

“We held a council of war, yet had no arms. I urged them to have

spontoons forged. He gave me the order to have 250 manufactured, I

remember, and on Monday morning I brought them into quarters, when I

then mounted my horse to go to the diggings, when I was accosted by

the Colonel: ‘Where are you going, Gear?’ ‘To plant my potatoes.’

‘What, leave us here to take care of your family?’ ‘No, I act as a

picket guard,’ having my rifle on my shoulder.

“‘Gear, we cannot spare you.’ ‘Why?’ said I. He said, ‘The Governor

had called every able-bodied man into the field.’ I looked along the

crowd and he had a company of about sixty.[296] ‘Are these all?’ was

my reply. ‘Yes,’ was his answer. ‘Why,’ said I, ‘I can raise more

men at the sound of a whistle. Now there is but one to command and

the balance to obey, Colonel, if we are in such danger. Now would

you dare declare martial law, as General Jackson did at New

Orleans?’ He then said as Nathan said to David, ‘Thou art the man;

make out your order now and I will see it obeyed.’ I dismounted at

once, armed and equipped, shortly reporting at his headquarters,

where his order was handed me, countersigned by the adjutant. I,

reading, replied, ‘It was a good order, but do you suppose a soul

will obey me? No, not one, unless I have a force sufficient to carry

it out. Will you give me a sergeant’s guard?’ ‘I will.’ ‘Will you

give me that fife and drum?’ ‘I will.’ ‘I will see it carried to the

extent of my life.’

“I that day raised 240 recruits, was appointed officer of the day,

had sixty-four to mount for guard; got quarters for my men and

rations and part of their blankets, and refused other blankets that

would not pass muster by me as a soldier’s blanket; put the

commissary in mud in the streets of Galena, for endeavoring to pass

them on my men, and the next day received a pair of blankets for

all. Well, the last round: I told the boys we would have some sport.

“Mrs. Barnes kept a bakery house on Brush street, which was the

quarters of several officers of the United States Army.

“B. Miller, Esq., called the Chesterfield of the bar of Illinois,

was there cracking jokes, and I halted at their quarters,

requesting orders to report. He said to fall into line. ‘What are

you going to do with us?’ ‘The army wants just such men as you.

Now we will find a place for you.’ I then made my bow to Captain

Kearney, or Major Harney, I do not know which. ‘Will you and your

brother officers fall into line? We belong to the United States

Army.’ ‘Well, then, read them the Governor’s proclamation and the

order from Colonel Strode of the Twenty-seventh Regiment declaring

martial law. Now, gentlemen, you know my duty, and if you hail

General Jackson you will march. Now I cannot discharge my duty by

leaving you behind, but the Colonel can dispose of you after you

arrive in headquarters.’ So we all fell into line, and under

double-quick marched to quarters.

“Now their names were as follows, to wit: Captain Harney, Captain

Kearney, Lieutenant Anderson, Lieutenant Gardenier, Lieutenant Jeff

Davis.”

Those companies were formed at Galena on the 19th day of May, and

the presence of Lieut. J.R.B. Gardenier on that day, as mentioned by

Captain Gear, is substantiated by reference to page 138 of a “Record

of the Services of Illinois soldiers in the Black Hawk War,”

published by the Adjutant-General of Illinois in 1882, where it will

be found that Lieut. J.R.B. Gardinier acted as commandant of

Nicholas Dowling’s company from May 19th to July 14th, “by request.”

Captain Gear takes considerable credit unto himself for the

accomplishment of this muster, but that is a latitude allowed every

person who narrates a statement of fact so prominent, and especially

when so successful. He has the detail of Strode’s order a trifle

confused, but that is of no consequence when the story is considered

as a whole. He has given the days of the week with such accuracy

that there remains no reason to doubt the statement of John Dixon,

which it confirms.

Mr. John K. Robison was at the time a resident of Galena.

Subsequently he removed to Dixon, and later removed to Melugin’s

Grove, in the same county, where he passed most of his long and

honored life. He was fourth sergeant in Captain Gear’s company.

In his lifetime I had many conversations with him about the campaign

and his famous comrades, in the course of which he has more than

once alluded to this meeting of Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant

Gardenier at Galena while they were encountering such trouble with

Colonel Strode and his pig-headed tactics. He also told me of

meeting Lieutenant Davis on several occasions thereafter,

particularly at the time Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor’s troops, with

others, crossed the Wisconsin River on the march to the Bad Axe,

where Black Hawk was overtaken and his band annihilated.

From Galena Lieutenant Davis and his companions, with the exception

of Lieutenant Gardenier, returned to Dixon’s Ferry, where, with the

exception of scouting duty from time to time, and the march up Rock

River, the troops under Taylor remained until the 27th day of June

at 12 o’clock, when the militia under General Henry and the regulars

under Atkinson and Brady started up the east bank of Rock River for

the head-quarters of Black Hawk among the morasses of the river

above Lake Koshkonong.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: CAPT. H. HEZEKIAH GEAR.]

[Illustration: SERGT. JOHN K. ROBISON.]

[Illustration: GEN. GEORGE W. JONES.]

[Illustration: GEN. A.C. DODGE.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

It was during that period of over one month at Dixon’s Ferry that

Mr. Dixon became so well acquainted with Lieutenant Davis and his

companions that error was impossible. He with others were guests at

Mr. Dixon’s house. They traded with him, buying his merchandise and

paying for it or “having it charged.” They hunted the wild duck, the

grouse, the squirrel, the deer and the wild bee trees, and they

fished and trapped and enjoyed life with a zest allowed no man of

the present day of dirty pavements, crowded streets and dusty roads.

For weeks they were present, conversing, dining, playing, romping

the prairies like so many schoolboys just dismissed from the

termination of a long and arduous term of school. And thus were the

images of those army officers impressed upon the memory of John

Dixon, who, by the by, continued with them clear through the

campaign, as army guide and contractor, till the battle of the Bad

Axe ended the campaign.

After wearisome efforts around the Koshkonong country to dislodge

the enemy, Henry and Dodge found his trail leading to the west, in a

final effort to escape destruction, which was so surely coming upon

him.

Taylor’s division, including Lieutenant Davis, who was Taylor’s

adjutant, marched immediately for the Wisconsin River and the Blue

Mounds, and thence on to the Bax Axe. After this engagement, the

troops marched to Fort Crawford, their headquarters, and there,

freed from the dangers and fatigue of the campaign, Lieutenant Davis

formally wrote out a letter notifying the department of his return

to duty. From that point the Illinois troops were marched back to

Dixon’s Ferry and mustered out by Capt. Zalmon C. Palmer.

During this period of five weeks, while Taylor remained at Dixon’s

Ferry, he was constantly on the alert, intercepting marauding bands

of Indians, assisting the volunteers who had temporarily offered

their services while the new levy was forming at Hennepin and Fort

Wilbourn, and generally protecting the frontiers, and in this

connection it may be said that the bloodiest and most destructive

skirmishes were made between the Ferry and Galena during this

period.

It may also be recorded that while the little account book was at

all times open to the service of the officers there stationed, Mr.

Dixon always laughingly spoke of the fact that, while he often sold

them bills of goods, yet Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Anderson

were always cash customers. In the fullness of time, Mr. Dixon, who

had never taken thought for the morrow, particularly when his fellow

man was in need or distress, came to an age when he felt constrained

to marshal all of his resources and call in his few overlooked

accounts. Among them was a large one against the United States

Government, which of right should have been paid years before, but

being in no immediate need, it had slipped along without attention.

He finally applied for a land warrant for a quarter section of land

to recompense him in a measure for the many and valuable services he

had rendered his country during the Black Hawk War. A bill was

introduced in Congress, passed by the Lower House, and in the Senate

was referred to the usual committee for consideration. This

committee reported adversely on the bill, and when it was reported

to the Senate for final action, Senator Trumbull, who well knew the

merit of the case and greatly desired the passage of the measure,

dispatched a message at once to Dixon to inquire if Mr. Dixon did

not know of some friend in the Senate, as he did in the House, who

would assist in its passage. On a moment’s thought he replied to a

friend, “Why, yes, there is Lieutenant Davis,” whereupon the

attention of Senator Jefferson Davis was called to the bill, and

here is the record of what transpired:

From the Congressional Globe, First Session. 36th Congress.–June

8th, 1860, page 2751:

“JOHN DIXON.

“The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, next proceeded to

consider the bill (H.R. No. 236) for the relief of John Dixon,

which had been reported adversely from the Committee on Public

Lands. It directs the Secretary of the Interior to issue a bounty

land warrant for one hundred and sixty acres to John Dixon, of

Dixon’s Ferry, in the State of Illinois, for services rendered in

the Black Hawk war.

“Mr. Trumbull: I ask that the bill may be put upon its passage. I

will remark that the Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands,

with whom I had a conversation on the subject, stated that he

reported adversely on this bill to grant a land warrant to Mr.

Dixon, for the reason that the testimony before the Committee did

not seem to be sufficient of his having rendered any service. He

was not enlisted in the service, but he performed valuable service

in the Black Hawk war–furnished supplies and acted as a guide and

interpreter. He is an old man, over eighty years of age, and is

now in very reduced circumstances. Some of his friends have made

this application to get the old man a land warrant, and comes, I

think, within the spirit of the law. The Senator from Mississippi

(Mr. Davis), who served in the war, knows him personally, and

perhaps he would make a statement to the Senate of his knowledge

of the services for which it is proposed to grant a land warrant

to this poor old man.’

“Mr. Davis: ‘As stated by the Senator from Illinois, I do know

this individual personally and believe him to be a very honest

man, and I should have great confidence in his statement. He was

one of the first pioneers in the country near what is now the town

of Dixon, formerly known as Dixon’s Ferry. He lived there in an

isolated position when I first knew him. His house was reached by

crossing a wide prairie country inhabited only by Indians. He was

of great service in the first settlement of the country. He was of

service to the troops when they ascended the Rock River in the

Black Hawk campaign. For some time a post was established at or

near his house. He was of service at that time in furnishing

supplies and giving information in regard to the country, and

afterwards in taking care of the sick. In a liberal spirit toward

camp followers, we have since that time provided for packmen, for

teamsters and for clerks, giving them bounty land warrants equally

with the soldiers who were serving in the same campaign. I think

the only objection in this case is the want of testimony, but I

have such confidence in the individual, together with my

recollection of the circumstances, that I would say that he was

within the spirit of the law, and I should be glad, because of his

many services in the first settlement of that country, to see him

thus rewarded.’”

After a few exchanges of explanations, the bill passed the Senate,

and the recollections of Senator Jefferson Davis of the days he

spent at and about Mr. Dixon’s log cabin saved the day for the bill.

It is not to be considered by any intelligent person that Mr. Davis

would state on the floor of the United States Senate those facts,

“from my recollection of the circumstances,” if he had not been

present in that campaign and witnessed them with the pleasantest of

memories. The little old log tavern-store-house of the 1832 campaign

came back to him with all its memories and Senator Davis saved the

bill, as the record of the proceedings show.

The days when a man of years was young and his associations are

never forgotten, and if any association under Heaven will evoke

assistance from one to another it is an appeal to those early

associations. And so it was with Senator Davis and Mr. Dixon.

Among others of subsequent prominence in the history of the State of

Illinois, who formed the acquaintance of Mr. Davis during that

campaign, and particularly while Taylor was stationed at Dixon’s

Ferry, was Col. John Dement, later a resident of the city of Dixon,

where he died. For fifty years Colonel Dement was one of the

foremost men of Illinois, and whenever he made a statement it

carried conviction. He it was who fought the battle of Kellogg’s

Grove in that campaign, one of the fiercest of the many which

occurred between Dixon’s Ferry and Galena, retiring only after his

clothing had been pierced with bullets and the Indians thoroughly

checked from further molestation of the northwestern frontier.

Colonel Dement many times told me of his acquaintance with

Lieutenant Davis and how it ripened into a strong friendship as the

campaign progressed, and which continued for all time thereafter. He

many times in his lifetime spoke of Lieutenant Davis during that

campaign, in public; and in the form of historical narrative he

reduced the same statements to writing, one of which I have.

At the breaking out of hostilities, Colonel Dement was State

Treasurer, which station naturally carried with it considerable

prestige in more ways than one, as proved to be the case a little

later when he won for his bride the daughter of Gen. Henry Dodge,

later Governor of Wisconsin and United States Senator, and, by the

by, one of the most famous Indian fighters that ever lived.

Lieutenant Davis knew them both, bride and groom, from the early

day, all through life, and at the death of the Colonel wrote to Mrs.

Dement the following touching letter, in which the friendship of

that famous old campaign is alluded to:

“Beauvoir, Miss., Feb. 4th, 1883.

“My Dear Friend: Of the many who will offer you condolence in your

recent bereavement, there is not one who sympathizes more deeply

with you than he who long years ago claimed the privilege of the

sacred name of friend.

“Widely and long we have been separated, but your image has not

been dimmed by time and distance.

“The gallantry and noble bearing of your deceased husband was

known to all who, like myself, were on the frontier of Illinois

during the campaign against Black Hawk, and from your brother,

Augustus, and your friend, General Jones, I heard of him in after

years.

“As your husband, he was to me the object of special interest, and

it was a great gratification to me to learn that he was so worthy

to be your life companion.

“If you have preserved enough of the pleasant memories of one

springtime to care for one who flitted with you over the flowers

of youth’s happy garden, it will give me sincere gratification to

hear from you and to learn of the welfare of yourself and

children.

“With cordial regard for you and yours, and renewed assurance of

my deep sympathy, I am ever,

“Faithfully your friend,

“JEFFERSON DAVIS.”

The term “garden” is appropriately applied to the spring of the year

1832 and its successor, 1833. The summer of 1831 had been dry, and

crops and vegetation had failed; the prairies had been left parched

and brown, and but for the open-handed manner of the pioneer in

helping his distressed brother, there had indeed been great

suffering. But in 1832, barring the scare of the Indian campaign

then carried on, the people were permitted to revel in a luxury of

vegetation. Rains descended and the foliage of the trees was

beautiful beyond description. The wild grape and cherry and plum,

and the bee tree, laden with honey, were all free to him who cared

to gather. Wild deer, turkeys, ducks, geese, grouse and squirrels

were everywhere present in abundance for the huntsman, while the

streams were plentifully stocked with fish. The wild rose spread out

its blossoms over the prairies, and if man, though never so weary,

could not revel in his surroundings he was sordid enough. The

pathway of the pioneer was hard and coarse, but a thoughtful God

seasoned his toil with many a blessing denied to us of the crowded

city.

General Harney, in the latter years of his life, was very fond of

speaking of those same beautiful days of springtime and the famous

men he soldiered with at Dixon’s Ferry and on through the campaign,

and in all those reminiscences failed never to allude to Lieut.

Jefferson Davis, beginning with him at the mouth of Rock River, when

they began their march up to Dixon’s Ferry. Reavis, in his

biography, makes frequent quotations from those days and events in

which both Harney and Davis took such active and conspicuous parts.

In a recent correspondence with Mrs. John M. Harney of St. Louis I

am told that full reliance can be placed upon the statements made by

Mr. Reavis in that biography, and, furthermore, all statements

contained in the same as emanating from General Harney were made in

the presence of herself and Mr. Harney, and, independently of the

book, Mrs. Harney confirms the presence of Lieutenant Davis in that

campaign from General Harney himself, who in his lifetime so

asserted many times.

Gen. John A. McClernand, the last living member of that famous band

which gathered at Dixon’s Ferry, wrote me, a very short time before

his death, which but recently occurred, that he well knew it to be

true that Lieutenant Davis was present and participated in the

campaign to its close.

Later on, when Lieutenant Davis became Secretary of War, Colonel

Strode, who had then removed to Woodstock, Illinois, and traveled

the circuit from that point, was exceedingly fond of alluding to

Jefferson Davis as his companion in arms during the Black Hawk War,

and upon that point I have the correspondence, confirming the making

of those claims at all times and upon all occasions, from so eminent

an authority as Hon. H.W. Blodgett, for so many years United States

Judge of this District.

Gen. George W. Jones, the first Senator in Congress from the State

of Iowa, was a classmate of Jefferson Davis in their days of young

manhood at Transylvania, and at his death was one of Mr. Davis’

pallbearers. The college days, so dear to every man who has a soul,

brought them together as only college days can bring men together,

and if subsequent events should ever bring them together again,

after separating to start out in life, it can scarcely be said that

either could be mistaken in any material point concerning the

history of the occasion. Certainly General Jones could not, and here

is what he has written above his signature about the presence of

Lieut. Jefferson Davis, his classmate, in the Black Hawk campaign:

Dubuque, Jan. 16th, 1896.

Mr. F.R. Dixon.

My Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th was received yesterday and I

answer with pleasure.

My acquaintance with Mr. Jefferson Davis was formed at

Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, from 1821 to 1824;

renewed in 1828 after he was graduated at West Point and

commissioned Second Lieutenant of Infantry, U.S.A, when he served

under Col. Zachary Taylor, at Fort Crawford, Wisconsin.

I, as Gen. Henry Dodge’s aid-de-camp, served with Lieutenant Davis

throughout the Black Hawk war, from its _inception_ to its

_close_. Later, we were brother United States Senators, and an

intimate friendship existed between us throughout his life.

I knew your grandfather intimately, as also Colonel Dement, and

esteemed them both highly. * * * Trusting that the foregoing is a

satisfactory reply to your inquiry, I am,

Yours very sincerely,

GEO. W. JONES.

And here is what Gen. A.C. Dodge of Iowa, Senator in Congress with

Jefferson Davis, has written on the subject:

“In 1832 we became associated in the famous Black Hawk war, he

(Lieutenant Davis) as lieutenant of infantry, and I as aid-de-camp

to Gen. Henry Dodge, commanding the militia of Michigan Territory. I

often accepted his invitation to partake of his hospitality, as well

as that of Gen. (then Captain) William S. Harney and Col. Zachary

Taylor, who often divided their rations with me, as we volunteers

were frequently in want of suitable food.

“The regulars were much better provided for than we volunteers were

at the time. They were not only furnished with better rations and

more of them, but they had tents, while we had none; and I shall

never forget the generous hospitality of Lieutenant Davis, Col.

Zachary Taylor, Capt. W.S. Harney and others of my brave and

generous comrades of those days.”[297]

There was no point in the material or political growth of that part

of the then Michigan Territory (now Wisconsin), where Lieutenant

Davis was stationed, that Generals Jones and Dodge were not

identified with and thoroughly familiar. They were on the staff of

General Dodge during the campaign, by reason of which and the

exalted position of General Dodge they were upon terms of intimacy

with the army officers of the war, beginning with Gen. Winfield

Scott, who was chief in command after his arrival at Prairie du

Chien.

In 1866, after the conclusion of the Civil War, and when the

prominent men on both sides were in the minds of everyone, Rev. W.W.

Harsha, then of Dixon, but later President of the Presbyterian

Theological College at Omaha, Nebraska, was about to take a journey

to New York City, at which point Gen. Robert Anderson was to be

found, recovering from a very severe illness.

Commenting on the proposed trip to Mr. Dixon, the latter expressed a

desire to have Mr. Harsha call upon the General, and, if remembered

by him, to convey to him the very best wishes of Mr. Dixon for his

speedy recovery, and, in view of the prominence of Lieutenant

Anderson, Lieutenant Davis and others who served in the Black Hawk

campaign, recall the incidents of that early day and inquire if

General Anderson remembered them. Mr. Harsha, upon his arrival, true

to his promise, made the call, and the following letter, written at

the time, gives the substance of the interview:

Chicago, April 29th, 1866.

My Dear Friend: Being recently in New York City on business, and

finding myself one day in the neighborhood of General Anderson’s

residence, it occurred to me to call, and, partly on your account

and partly on my own, make his acquaintance. I did so, and as soon

as I told the General that I had lived eight years in Dixon, and I

mentioned your name, he expressed himself greatly pleased to see

me. He entered immediatly upon a minute and interesting detail of

his experiences in Illinois and confirmed the statement which I

had heard from you of his meeting Davis and Lincoln at your house

at “Dixon’s Ferry.” He was very glad to hear that you were living

and inquired affectionately after your health and the condition of

your family. He seemed distressed to learn of your bereavements,

and showed himself a man of true feeling.

He is, as you know, very much broken down in health. * * *

On parting from him the General says: “Tell my old friend, Mr.

Dixon, that I shall probably not see him in this life again, but I

hope to meet him in Heaven.” * * *

Yours truly,

W.W. HARSHA.

To John Dixon, Dixon, Illinois.

Isaac N. Arnold, Lincoln’s friend and biographer, specifically

recalls a conversation with Lincoln, wherein the latter remembers

and mentions the presence of Mr. Davis in that campaign.

Ben Perley Poore frequently heard Lincoln tell of Davis’ presence in

that campaign, and he has particularly told us so on page 218 of

“Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln.”

After leaving Dixon’s Ferry to march up the left bank of Rock River,

the route became one of privation and hardship, particularly after

reaching the bogs and swamps about Lake Koshkonong, where men fell

ill by the score, and where others became so exhausted that they

were sent back to the Ferry, to be later discharged. In many cases,

detachments sent out among the swamps to chase the phantom Indian or

guard some particular settlement against apprehended attack had

nothing but pickled pork and a course dough for subsistence. The

rains made the streams impassable, and many times, as at the

Wisconsin, just before the battle of that name, the entire army,

after making wearisome forced marches without sleep, were compelled

to remain standing all night long before the battle, in a drenching

rain, awaiting the hour in the morning when the attack might be

made. Thus, day after day, the troops marched in clothing soaked

with water, many falling by the wayside, to be carried to the rude

hospitals improvised for the occasion, and even so rugged and

powerful a man as General Henry, who won both the battle of the

Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, sickened and died from the exposures of

that campaign.[298]

Through all these vicissitudes Davis and Anderson and Johnston and

Eaton were cheerful and buoyed up the men with encouraging words

until back once more at Fort Crawford, where a more fearful enemy

than exposure was met–the Asiatic cholera. Anderson and Johnston

were stricken and suffered a long time the frightful agonies of that

dread disease. There at his old and familiar quarters, Lieutenant

Davis performed the duty demanded of him, of formally reporting

himself back with his regiment for duty, August 16th, 1832.

Later, Black Hawk, Neapope, the Prophet and the other Indian leaders

were captured and handed over to Lieut.-Col. Zachary Taylor as

prisoners of war. Robert Anderson, in a letter to Hon. E.B.

Washburne, has stated that he was designated as their custodian to

take them to Jefferson Barracks, but that the fateful cholera

prevented. In that he was mistaken; he took the second installment

of prisoners.

We know from every man who served in that campaign and from every

record that those prisoners were handed by Colonel Taylor to Lieut.

Jefferson Davis to be taken to Jefferson Barracks. Following is from

The Galenian of September 5th, 1832: “September 4th General Street,

the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, arrived to-day on board the

steamboat Winnebago with about one hundred Sac prisoners, guarded by

an escort of troops under command of Lieut. Jefferson Davis. Among

the prisoners are the celebrated Black Hawk, the Prophet and

La-ce-o-souck (The Thunder), son of Black Hawk; the latter was

delivered on the night of the 3d. The prisoners were brought in by

the Winnebagoes and the Sioux.

“The Winnebagoes came in, as we learn, so late on the night of the

3d with the prisoners, and the steamboat being there in waiting for

them, General Street, instead of delivering them to Colonel Taylor,

as heretofore, delivered them over to the charge of Colonel

Anderson, who went on that commission, and who is now on his way to

Rock Island with them.”[299]

From the Galenian, a paper published in Galena, we find “locals”

noting the presence of the noted prisoners and their guard,

Jefferson Davis, at every point containing a newspaper, at which

they stopped.

No reasonable person can believe that so honorable and responsible a

post would have been given Lieutenant Davis had he not participated

in the campaign with distinction.

With the most frightful epidemic of cholera at Fort Armstrong which

they passed; with cholera about him in the boat, he reached

Jefferson Barracks thoroughly exhausted, and feeling that he was

entitled to the leave of absence which he had given up to enter this

campaign, he applied for another and, receiving it, as he did in due

time, he returned to Mississippi to enjoy it.

The experience gained in that campaign suggested his name for the

command of a regiment of Mississippi troops in the war with Mexico,

where he gained such fame as to bring forth the hearty thanks of

Gen. Zachary Taylor on the field.

In conclusion, I wish to add a conversation which Mr. Aldrich,

Curator of the Historical Department of Iowa, had with Mr. Davis

about two years before the death of the latter.

Mr. Davis, in the course of this conversation, said much about Black

Hawk and that campaign and his participation in it, and here is his

narrative verbatim, of the Battle of the Wisconsin, in which he was

engaged, taken down by Mr. Aldrich at the time: “We were one day

pursuing the Indians, when we came close to the Wisconsin River.

Reaching the river bank, the Indians made so determined a stand, and

fought with such desperation, that they held us in check. During

this time the squaws tore bark from the trees, with which they made

little shallops, in which they floated their papooses and other

impedimenta across to an island, also swimming over the ponies. As

soon as this was accomplished, half of the warriors plunged in and

swam across, each holding his gun in one hand over his head, and

swimming with the other. As soon as they reached the opposite bank,

they also opened fire upon us, under cover of which the other half

slipped down the bank and swam over in like manner. This,” said Mr.

Davis, “was the most brilliant exhibition of military tactics that I

ever witnessed–a feat of most consummate management and bravery, in

the face of an enemy of greatly superior numbers. I never read of

anything that could be compared with it. Had it been performed by

white men, it would have been immortalized as one of the most

splendid achievements in military history.”

Black Hawk in his book, page 107, states the facts of that retreat

pretty much as Mr. Davis did to Mr. Aldrich, excepting only to take

no especial credit to himself or his braves for strategy.

As Black Hawk was taken down the Mississippi by Lieutenant Davis,

the two were in frequent conversation, and naturally each studied

the other more or less, and while Mr. Davis, in after years, always

spoke of his prisoner in the very highest terms, it may be

interesting to know what Black Hawk had to say about his captor when

he came to write his autobiography the following year: “We remained

here a short time, and then started for Jefferson Barracks in a

steamboat, under charge of a young war chief (Jefferson Davis), who

treated us with much kindness. He is a good and brave young chief,

with whose conduct I was much pleased. On our way down we called at

Galena and remained a short time. The people crowded to the boat to

see us, but the war chief would not permit them to enter the

apartment where we were, knowing from what his feelings would have

been if he had been placed in a similar position, that we did not

wish to have a gaping crowd around us.”

Little can be said for the negative of this question and less can be

proven, and with such a unanimity of testimony in favor of his

presence, from those who saw him and there formed his acquaintance

and friendship, it cannot be perceived how an assumption, an

“interpretation” can be allowed to rob him of that honor.

[Illustration:

MAJ. GEN. ALEXANDER MACOMB,

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, U.S.A.

]

[Illustration: WA-PEL-LO, CHIEF OF THE FOXES.]

[Illustration: FORT WINNEBAGO; ERECTED LARGELY BY LIEUT. JEFFERSON

DAVIS.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX

Abercrombie, J.J., 120

Account of Manner of Enlistment, 119

Adair, William (Capt.), 194

Adair, William (L’t.-Col.), 190

Adams County, 117, 125

Adams, John G. (Capt.), 125, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 141, 145,

148

Adams, John G., Mrs., 135

Adams, Parker, 140

Adams, Samuel (Col.), 191

Adopted Son Story, 43

Aird, James, 54

Albany, N.Y., 263

Aldenrath, Benj. J., 142

Aldrich, Charles, Introduction and 2d Appendix

Alexander County, 195

Alexander, David C., 126

Alexander, Milton K. (Gen.), 93, 98, 191, 195, 202, 205, 208, 209,

210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 222, 223, 228, 287

Alexander, of Russia, 48

Alexander, T.L., 111, 120

Allen, William, 200

Al-lo-tah, 98

Ament, John L., 192

American Phrenological Journal, 19

American Temperance House, 245

Ames, Orestes, 118

Amhurstburgh, 68

An-a-wash-queth, 64

Anderson, Fannie (Mrs.), 270

Anderson, George (L’t.), 120

Anderson, Robert (L’t.), 126, 172, 173, 175, 189, 226, 227, 286,

293, 294, 299, 304

Anderson, Stinson B., 190

Anderson, T.G. (Capt.), 67

Annoyances, 81

Annuities of Sacs and Foxes, 84

An-o-wart, 64

Appel, Henry, 182

Apple River, 131, 174, 183, 186

Apple River Fort, 172, 183, 184, 185,

(battle) and 186, 187, 286

A-qua-o-sa, 64

Arabian Nights, 96

Archambeau, Mr., 56

Archer, Col. William B., 191, 224

Arenz, Francis, 93

Argyle, 209

Armstrong, Aaron (Capt.), 193

Armstrong, Elizabeth (Mrs.), 186

Armstrong, Gen. John, 66

Armstrong, John, 278, 281, 282

Armstrong, Perry A., 59

Arnett, J.T. (Capt.), 194, 202

Arnold, John (Capt.), 191

A-sam-e-saw, 98

Ashton, Capt. Eliakem, 169

Asiatic Cholera, 242

As-shaw-e-qua, 268, 272, 273, 274

Atkins, A., 93

Atkinson, Henry (Gen.), 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 120,

121, 127, 141, 142, 145, etc., 157, 161, 163, 169, 171, 172,

173, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 188, 189, 197, 202, 205, 206,

209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225,

228, 230, 234, 238, 240, 247, 259, 261, 283, 284, 293, 294

Atkinson’s Report Bad Axe, 228

Atlas, Ill., 119

Attack on the “Oliver H. Perry” and Consort, in 1827, 73, 74, 75

Aubrey, William, 180

Ausbery, Griffith, 82

Autobiography of Black Hawk, 19, 31

Aztalan, 217

Bache, Hartman (Capt.), 247

Backus, Electus (L’t.), 189

Bad Axe River, 20, 73, 223, 226, 227, 295

Bad Axe Battle, 167, 168, 223, 295

Bailey, Maj. David, 113, 125, 126, 130, 141, 145, 193, 204

Bailey, Capt. Alexander, 169

Bailly, Joseph, 55

Bain, John L., 82

Baird, Scipio, 124

Baker, Daniel (L’t. Col.), 120, 193

Baker, Edward D. (L’t.), 2d Appendix

Baker, Mrs. E.B., 176

Baker, James, 123

Baldridge, David, 194

Ball, Azel F. (Capt.), 125, 145, 193

Ball, Japhet A. (Capt.), 125

Baltimore, 261, 264

Band, James B., 200

Bankson, Andrew (Capt.), 194

Bannon, Aaron (Capt.), 194

Banquet at Ft. Madison, 270

Barker, Thomas (Capt.), 120

Bark River, 209

Barlow, L’t. Col. J.W., 191

Barnes, David W. (Capt.), 125, 135, 145

Barnes, John (Capt.), 191

Barnes, Robert (Capt.), 159

Barney, Benj. (Capt.), 120, 125

Barnhart, Peter, 159

Barnsback, Julius L. (Capt.), 124

Barrel, John, 82

Barrett’s Ferry, 226, 236

Barron, Joseph, 30

Barrott, 55

Bartlett, Michael, 82

Batman, M.W. (L’t.), 120

Battle of 1800, 23

Battle of the Wisconsin Heights, 218, 221

Baylor, Dr., 189

Bays, Capt. John, 190

Beach, Maj. John, 40

Beall, Alexander (Maj.), 123, 194

Beall, Thomas J., 126, 145

Beardstown, 85, 93, 117, 154, 157, 160, 188, 278, 279, 282, 283

Beauchamp, 73, 74, 75

Beauty of Rock Island, 95

Beckwith, L’t. Col. Daniel W., 169

Beggs, Rev. S.R., 167

Belleville, 159

Bells, Mr., 154, 156

Beloit, 205

Beltrami, J.C., 17, 67

Benett, Louis, 55

Bennett, Hiram C., 118, 123

Bennett, Redding, 142

Bequette, Paschal, 131, 183

Beresford, James, 203

Berry, E.C., 94, 116

Berry, Thomas G. (Col.), 160

Best, ––, 55

Biggerstaff, Ardin (Capt.), 190

Big Indian Creek, 147

Big Sioux River, 100

Birch, Benjamin, 124

Birth of Black Hawk, 17

Bivens, John, 143

Black Hawk, Bones, 274

Black Hawk, Burial, 273

Black Hawk, Capacities, 20

Black Hawk, Death, 272

Black Hawk, Grave Robbed, 273

Black Hawk, Not a Chief, 21, 80

Black Hawk, Village, See V. |

Black, James, 200

Black, Samuel, 183

Blackburn, James M. (Col.), 191, 224

Blackmaars, Mich., 256

Blackwell, J.A., 123

Blackwell, John H., 94

Blackwell, Robert, 124, 139

Black Snake Hills, 103

Black Thunder, 87

Blair, F.P., 230

Bliss, John (Maj.), 94, 98, 106, 107, 120, 121, 145, 161, 224

Blondeaux, Maurice, 61

Blodgett, H.W., 303

Bloomington, Ill., 159

Blue Earth River, 101

and affair there, 102, 103

Blue Mounds, 143, 153, 154, 180, 183, 212, 219, 220, 221, 236

Bogart, Maj. Samuel, 193

Bolen, Hypolite, 30

Bond, Benjamin, 194

Bond County, 117, 125, 164, 194

Bones of Black Hawk, 18

Boone, Levi D. (Capt.), 125

Boone, Nathan (Col.), 2d Appendix

Boston, 263

Bouchard, Edward D., 183

Bounty Land Warrants, 77

Boutillier, Francois., 54

Bowers, Maj. George, 191

Bowman, Capt. ––, 130

Bowman, James (Capt.), 190

Bowman, Samuel (L’t.), 204, 224

Bowyer, George P. (Capt.), 190, 191

Boxley, James, 187

Boyce, W.M. (L’t.), 120

Boyd, Col. George, 234, 235

Boyd, James M. (L’t.), 235

Boyd’s Grove, 130

Bracken, Charles, 131, 181, 183

Bradley, H., 245

Brady, Gen. Hugh, 120, 181, 189, 193, 195, 202, 203, 209

Bradford, Abner, 200

Branson, Dr. Milton K., 194

Brazhere, William, 82

Breese, Sidney (L’t. Col.), 194, 211

Briggs, Josiah S. (Capt.), 194, 205, 206, 218

Briggs, Benjamin (L’t.), 145

Brigham, Ebenezer, 143, 181

Brigham, Sylvester, 192

Brimberry, Samuel (Capt.), 191

Brishois, ––, 54

Bristol, John E., 136

Bristol, R.C. (Capt.), 244

Bristow, George, 93

Bristow, George F. (Capt.), 194

British, 40, 42, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 66, 67

British Agents, 25, 26, 32, 38, 41, 44, 46

British Band, 39, 48, 55, 63

(including Rock River Sacs), 64, 88, 97, 103, 114

British Flags, 31, 58

British Indians, 26, 41

Broken Shoulder, 114

Brooke, L’t. F.J., 120

Brooks, Col. Edward, 256, 257, 258

Brown, A.C., 136

Brown, Brig. Gen., 254, 256, 257, 258

Brown, Gust. (L’t.), 243

Brown, Jacob (Capt.), 120

Brown, Reuben (Capt.), 195

Brown, William, 191

Brown, William G., 93, 123

Browne, Thomas C., 189

Browning, O.H., 117, 118

Browning, O.H., Diary of, 117

Brown’s Creek, 287

Bruff, J., 30

Brush Creek, 170

Buchanan, L’t., 248

Buckmaster, Nathaniel (Maj.), 94, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 132,

162, 163, 167, 169, 193, 284, 285

Buffalo Grove, 131, 142, 169, 176, 200, 202

Buffalo, N.Y., 242, 243, 263

Buisson, Louis, 55

Bunts, Samuel, 183

Burbank, Sid. (L’t.), 126

Bureau Creek, 130, 148, 192, 197

Bureau County, 154, 157

Burlington Hawk Eye, 19

Burlington, Iowa, 78, 270

Burner, Edward, 82

Burnett, J.P., 226

Burning of Black Hawk’s Bones, 274

Burns, James (Capt.), 194

Burnt Village, 209, 210

Burr Oak Grove, 156, 176

Burton, Thomas, 124

Butler, Nathaniel, 94

Butler, Peter (Capt.), 193

Butler, Walter (Capt.), 194

Cady, Albert (L’t.), 120

Caldwell, Billy (Chief), 166, 189, 204, 205

Call of May 15, 139

Calumet River, 100

Campaign of 1831, 92

Closed, 95

Campbell, John (L’t.), 49, 50, 51

Campbell, John, His Battle, 49, 50

Campbell, L’t. Col ––, 190

Camp Whitewater, 234

Camp Wisconsin, 219

Canada, 26

Cap au Gris, 49, 55

Carlin, Thomas (Capt.), 93, 125

Carnes, William, 183

“Caroline,” Steamboat, 160, 188

Caron, J.B., 64

and Caron, 236

Carondelet, 55

Carpenter, William, 123

Car-ra-ma-na, 231

Cartwright, Rev. Peter, 195, 281, 290

Case, Jonah H., 82

Casey, Zadock, 190, 199, 200

Cas-kup-wa, 64

Cass County, 154, 157

Cass, Lewis (Gen.), 100, 106, 238, 255, 265, 285

Cassell, Henry K., 159

Cassville, 143, 236

Castle Garden, 262

Catch-e-nack-e-seo, 61

Catlin, George, 84

Chadwick, Joseph M., 122, 130

Cha-e-ter, 229, 231, 232

Cha-go-sort, 61

Cha-kee-pax-he-pa-ho, 98

Chapman, Ammyson, 83, 84

Chapman, Thomas, 124

Charless, Joseph, 64

Che-ka-qua, 61

Cherokees, 22, 23

Chicago, 38, 42, 167, 169, 193, 242, 243, 254, 256, 257, 258, 290,

292

Chicago Historical Society, 244

Chic-hon-sic, 72, 76

Chick-a-ka-la-ko, 98

Childs, Tyrus M., 135

Chippewa, Battle, 42

Chippewas, 24, 72, 100, 105

Cholera, See Scott’s Expedition. |

Chouteau, Auguste,| 30, 60, 61, 63, 64

Chouteau, Pierre, 30, 61

Christy, Samuel C., 93, 94, 116

Cintajah, 101

Clament, 103

Clark, B.A., 190

Clark, Capt. ––, of Wis., 209

Clark County, 191

Clark, I., Jr. (Capt.), 120, 180

Clark, James N. (Capt.), 190

Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 120, 189

Clark, William (Gov. and Gen.), 38, 47, 48, 50, 55, 58, 60, 61,

63, 64, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 102, 103, 105,

106, 107, 154, 156, 261

Clark, Gov. William, Boat, 48, 50

Clary, Royal, 278

Clary, William, 278

Clary’s Grove Boys, 278

Clay County, 103, 190

Clay, Henry, 273

Clay, Henry, The–A Boat, 242

Claywell, Jesse (Capt.), 194

Cleveland, Loren, 177

Clinton County, 194

Coffey, Achilles (Capt.), 190

Coles County, 191

Collins, Charles O. (L’t.), 253

Collins, James (Col.), 194, 196, 214, 216, 218

Collins, Thomas, 93

Columbia, Mo., 160

Co-mee, 148, 149, 157

Conditions of Early Settlers, 78

Congress Hall Hotel, 19

Connor, James (Capt.), 194

Conrod, John (L’t.), 120

Constant, William, 123

Converse, Daniel, 61

Cook, Horace, 82

Cook, William, 124

Cooke, P. St. George (L’t.), 120

Cornelius, J.M. McT., 123, 178, 179

Cornstalk, 20

Correspondence of 1831, 83 to 89 inc.

Council of 1831, 92

Council of Sept. 25, 1831, 107

Covell, M.L. (Capt.), 125, 137, 145, 159

Cowen, William (L’t.-Col.), 159

Cox, Alexander D. (Capt.), 164

Cox, John, 39

Craig, B.B. (Capt.), 196, 282

Craig, Capt. ––, of War 1812, 56

Craig, Capt. James, War 1812, 190

Craig, Capt. James, Jo Daviess Co., 142, 184, 215

Craig, Capt. Jonathan, 142

Craig, N.B., 184

Crain, James W., 126

Cranberry Lake, 215

Crane, Col, 243

Crawfish River, 217

Crawford County, 76, 191

Crocker, Thomas, 117

Crooked Creek, 117, 279

Cross, L’t. ––, 240

Crossman, G.H. (L’t.), 120, 204

Crow, David, 118, 125

Cuivre River, 55

Cummings, Col. ––, 243

Cummings, Mr. –– , 167

Curran, Catherine Buckmaster–Introduction.

Cutler, Enos (L’t. Col.), | 121

Cutright, Temperance, 150

Dad Joe’s Grove, 130

Dakotas, 72, 73

Dale, George W., 119

Dalles of Wisconsin, 229, 231

Danforth, Joseph, 82, 98

Danville, 189

Davenport, George, 110, 259

Davenport, William (Maj. and Col.), 120, 121, 188, 193, 208, 265

Davis, Alexander, 150

Davis, Jefferson (L’t.), 120, 122, 141, 142, 192, 198, 240, 284,

Appendix, 290

Davis, Jimmie, 157

Davis, Maj. ––, 255

Davis, Robert, 123

Davis, Thomas, 82

Davis, William, 147

Davitts, ––, 221

Dawson, John, 125

Day, Hannibal (Lt.), 246

Deace, Capt, 47

De Camp, Samuel G.I. (Surgeon), 246

Decatur, Ill., 159

Decori, which includes “One-eyed Decori”, 210, 228, 231, 232

Dee Sulhorst, Justus, 143

De Kalb County, 130

De Hart, William C. (L’t.), 243

De Lassus, Gov., 171

De Lassus, Pierre C., 171

Delauney, D., 30

Dement, John (Maj.), 93, 125, 130, 140, 164, 187, 190, 192, 197,

198, 208, 209, 301

Dement, Mrs. John, 302

Dement’s Battle, 200, 201

Dennis, John H., 84

Desertion from British Army, 42

Des Moines Rapids, 37, 111

Des Moines River, 37, 38, 54, 57, 100, 268, 272, 273

Des Plaines River, 167, 188

Detroit, 42, 254, 256, 257, 258, 263

Devees’ or Devies’, 183, 209

Devil’s Creek, 268

Dewey, Stephen, 84

De Witt, A.B. (Col.), 123, 146

Diamond Grove, 143

Dickson, Joseph (Capt.), 209, 217, 223, 224

Dickson, Robert, 41, 42, 47, 48, 54

Dimmick, Ziba, 192

Disobedience of Officers, 214

Disorders, 162

Dixon, Frederick, 185

Dixon, F. Louise (Miss), 292

Dixon, John, 129, 140, 174, 176, 222, 290, 300

Dixon, John (Mrs.), 130

Dixon Land Office, 140

Dixon’s Ferry, 35, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127,

128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 161, 163, 169, 172,

173, 176, 177, 179, 181, 185, 188, 189, 192, 195, 197, 198,

200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211, 247, 248, 282, 283, 284, 286,

287, 290, _et seq._

Dobbins, William N. (Capt.), 190

Dodge, A.C. (Gen.), 78, 304

Dodge, Henry (Col.), 131, 140, 142, 143, 156, 169, 173, 174, 175,

180, 181, 182, 183, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213,

214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 230,

246, 255, 301, 302

Dodge, Henry L., 78, 131

Dodge, Mrs. Henry, 182, 200

Dodgeville, 143, 236

Donaldson, Dr., 134

Door Prairie, 256, 257

Doris, Martin W., 194

Dorr, Gustavus (L’t.), 120

Dorrance, L’t., 248

Dorsey, Charles S. (Capt.), 159

Doty, Capt., 160

Doty, James, 134, 135

Doty, James D. (Judge), 76

Dougherty, John, 103

Douglas, Stephen A., 175

Dover, 192

Dowling, Nicholas (Capt.), 120

Doyle, Edward, 123, 142, 298

Drakeford, L’t., 55

Draper, Joseph, 135, 136

Draper, L.C., 108

Draper, –– (Capt.), 193

Drayton, Thomas F. (L’t.), 120

Drum, R.C. (Gen.), 162

Drummond’s Island, 67

Dubuque, 102

Dubuque Mines, 47, 102, 120

Dulaney, William H., Dr., 118, 123, 164

Duncan, Asa, 183

Duncan, Enoch, 143

Duncan, Joseph (Gen.), 93-96

Duncan, Matthew, 124

Dunlap, Adams, 123

Dunlap, Samuel, 191

Dunn, Charles (Capt.), 190, 191, 208, 210, 211, 287

Dunnivan, William L., 203

Du Page River, 145, 161, 167, 188

Du Page Settlements, 191

Durley, James, 123

Durley, William, 142, 169

Durman, Jonathan (Capt.), 190, 191

Eads, Abner, 125, 133, 137, 145

Eames, Charles, 183, 184

Early, Jacob M. (Capt.), 175, 196, 210, 211, 286, 287

Eaton, John H., 91

Eaton, Nathaniel J., 111, 120

Ebey, Jacob, 125

Eckles, Hon. James H., 149

Edgar County, 191

Eddy, Henry (Col.), 116

Eddy, John M., 123

Edgerton, Mr., the Phrenologist, 18

Edwards, Abraham (L’t.-Col.), 258

Edwards County, 191

Edwards, Cyrus, 122

Edwards, Ninian (Gov.), 55, 60, 61, 63, 64

Eldon, Iowa, 273

Election, Dodge vs. Posey, 201

Elizabeth, Illinois, 183, 286

Elk Grove, 143

Elkin, William F., 93

Ellis, Bird W., 135, 136

English Prairie, 236

England, 25, 38

Engle, James (L’t.), 121

English, Levin N., 123

English, The, 26, 57

Epperson, Elijah, 165

Estes, Capt. ––, 219, 220

Eubanks, William (Maj.), 191

Eustis (Col.), 246, 247, 248, 249, 260

Evans, James (Maj.), 193

Ewing, John (Col.), 127, 139, 190, 211, 287

Ewing, W.L.D. (Maj.), 195, 216, 217, 218, 223, 224

Ewing, Trammel (L’t.), 200, 202

Exeter, 194, 209

Fairmount, 262

Fanchier, G.B., 287

Fal-sa-voine, 47, 55, 57

Farnham & Davenport, 251

Farris, Joseph B., 135

Fayette County, 125, 195

Feaman, Jacob (Capt.), 194

Fevre River, 154

Field, Alex. P., 193

Fitch, M.G., 183

Fitzpatrick, William, 123

Flack, 185

Flannagan, Dr. George, 191

Flood, Wm. G., 117, 125

Floyd, Aquilla, 169

Fonda, John H., 108

Force, George (L’t.), 183

Ford, Capt. ––, 248

Ford, Thomas (Gov.), 95, 158, 184, 220

Forristal, James G., 192

Forsythe, Thomas, 67, 80, 169

Fortieth Regiment, 159

Fortress Monroe, 242-260

Foster, Amos (L’t.), 121

Foster, John F., 123

Four Lakes, 205, 206, 221

Four Lakes Conference, 143

Fourth Lake, 217

Fowler, John, 169, 170, 171, 181

Fowlers, Phrenologists, 19

Fox River, Ill., 145, 148, 161, 177, 181, 189, 202, 203, 285

Fox River, Wis., 27, 35

Foxes Attacked by Menominees, 102

France, 24, 25, 58

Franklin County, 190, 193

Franks, Jacob, 54

Fraser, Upton S. (Capt.), 253

Freeman, Elam S., 117, 118, 123

Freeman, Jonathan (L’t.), 120

French and English War, 26

French, Charles, 82

Frenchtown, 42

Fry, Jacob (Col.), 93, 117, 123, 146, 164, 172, 188, 194, 196,

205, 206, 210, 214, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223

Ft. Armstrong, 66, 67, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107, 115, 121, 126,

141, 145, 166, 171, 238, 239, 248, 249, 263, 264, 265, 273

Ft. Beggs, 167

Ft. Clark, 62, 290

Ft. Crawford, 104, 107, 112, 114, 121, 126, 168, 204, 230, 295

Ft. Dearborn, 119, 243, 257, 258

Ft. Dearborn Massacre, 41

Ft. Defiance, 143, 180, 181

Ft. Deposit, 140, 188, 189

Ft. Dixon, 161, 198

Ft. Gratiot, 242, 243, 247

Ft. Hamilton, 143, 170, 181, 183, 200, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211

Ft. Harmar, 32

Ft. Howard, 55, 56

Ft. Independence, 52

Ft. Jackson, 143

Ft. Johnston, 172, 189, 192

Ft. Koshkonong, 212, 220, 221

Ft. Madison, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 268, 270

Ft. Meigs, 42

Ft. Ottawa, 196

Ft. Payne, 247, 258

Ft. Selby, Including Capture and Loss, 47, 48, 51

Ft. Snelling, 72, 73

Ft. Stephenson, 42

Ft. Union, 143

Ft. Wayne, 38

Ft. Wilbourn, 140, 159, 172, 188, 189, 194, 196, 204, 205, 286

Ft. Winnebago, 112, 114, 121, 189, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215,

235, 287

Fulton County, 125, 132, 169, 193

Fulton, Judge A.R., 108

Funk, Mr. ––, of McLean Co., 198

Gagnier, Louisa, 76

Gagnier, Madame, 72, 73

Gagnier, Registre, 72, 73, 75, 76

Gaines, Gen. Edmund P., 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,

96, 238

Gale, Levin (Lt.), 120

Galena, 120, 129, 141, 142, 154, 156, 169, 170, 172, 176, 177,

182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 197, 198, 204, 209, 211, 215, 239,

247, 286

Gallatin County, 189, 190, 193

Galt, P.H. (L’t.), 243, 247, 249, 253

Gardiner, Thomas, 82

Gardenier, J.R.B. (L’t.)–This officer’s name has been written

throughout the work “I.” R.B., because the early prints so had

it; but by reference to the old army register, “J.” is now

found to be correct, 120, 142, 204, 295

Garland, John (Maj.), 260, 261, 264, 266

Gatewood, Jeff. (L’t.-Col.), 190

Gear, H.H. (Capt.), 142, 296, 297

Gentry, James H., 131, 143, 183, 209

Gentry, Maj.-Gen., 160

General Order of Gen. Wood, 160

George, Henry, 148

Gillespie, Joseph, 94, 164, 177

Gillham, Isom M., 93

Gillham, James (L’t.-Col.), 193

Gillham, John F., 94

Gillham, William, 93, 194

Gillispie, Capt. I.M., 169

Givens, William T. (Capt.), 125

Goble, Benjamin, 82

Gooden, Levi W. (Capt.), 125, 184

Gordon, George, 124

Gordon, William (Capt.), 194, 205

Governor’s Call of May 15, 139

Graham, Duncan, 54, 57, 58, 60

Graham, John A., 262

Graham, Mr. ––, 39

Graham, W.M. (L’t.), 120

Grand Mascatin, 80

Grant, Alex. F., 193

Gratiot, Charles, 30

Gratiot, Henry (Col.), 90, 91, 114

(His Rescue), 115, 131, 143, 153, 180

Gratiot, J.R.B. (Capt.), 143, 180

Gratiot’s Grove, 114, 129, 143, 153, 180, 181

Grave Robbed, 273

Graves, Ward, 159

Gray Tail, The, 101

Great Britain, 25

Great Butte des Morts, 236

Great Eagle, 18

Greathouse, John S., 98

Green Bay, 41, 42, 47, 226, 234, 235, 263, 292

Green, Emerson, 183

Green, Royal P., 281

Green, Sion R., 124

Greene County, 117, 125, 164, 194

Greenough, J.K. (L’t.), 94, 120

Greer, Abner (Capt.), 191

Gregoire, Marie P., 171

Gregory, Charles (L’t.-Col.), 118, 123

Gregory, James (Capt.), 169

Gridley, Asahel (L’t.), 137

Griffin, John, 30

Griffin, Robert (Capt.), 191

Grigneau Bros. (Grignon meant), 54

Grignon, Sr., Augustin, 235

Grignon, Jr., Charles (Capt.), 235

Grignon, Robert (L’t.), 235

Grizzly Bear, 236

Guirano, Guyol de, 65

Gulf of Mexico, 109

Gunn, Aaron, 192

Hackleton, Mr. ––, 132

Hail, David B., 82

Haines, Alfred, 130

Haines, James, 130

Haines, John, 93

Haines, Jonathan, 130

Hale, Ozias (Capt.), 194

Hale, William, 169, 170, 171

Hall, Alex. P., 190

Hall, Edward H., 150, 153, 154

Hall, Elizabeth, 150

Hall, Greenbury, 150

Hall, James (Capt.), 190

Hall, John W., 149, 150, 153, 154

Hall, Mary J.R., 150

Hall, Oliver W., 134, 136

Hall, Rachel and Sylvia, 149 _et seq._, 180

Hall, Reason, 153

Hall, William, 147, 150, 181

Halsted, C.V., 194

Hamilton and Bigelow, 158

Hamilton, Alexander, 132, 205

Hamilton County, 190

Hamilton, Thomas (L’t.), 39, 40, 58

Hamilton, William S., 131, 132, 143, 146, 181, 182, 209, 210, 234,

235, 291, 292

Hamilton’s Diggings, 292

Hancock County, 125, 193

Hardin, John J. (Col.), 93, 164, 279

Hargrave, Willis (Col.), 190

Harney, Mrs. John M., 303

Harney, W.S. (Capt.), 120, 122, 126, 141, 161, 211, 212, 224, 294,

302

Harris, John, 125

Harrison, George, 287, 288

Harrison, Jesse M., 124

Harrison, Thomas, 125

Harrison, William Henry (Gov.), 26, 27, 29, 33, 38

Harsha, Rev. W.W., 304

Hart, Nathan, 194

Hash-e-quar-hi-qua, 27, 30, 31

Haskins, Moses, 124

Hatton, Capt., 248

Havana, Ill., 288

Hawley, Aaron, 169, 170

Haws, William (Capt.), 159

Hawthorn, John (Sg’t.-Maj.), 194

Hawthorn, John (Surgeon), 194

Haynes, John (Capt.), 191

Hayse, Dr. B.M., 159

Hazleton, ––, 203

Headen, William, 124

Heans, William, 82

Helena, Wis., 221, 222

Hempstead, Charles S., 76

Hempstead, L’t., 53

Henderson, John and J.H., 147 _et seq._

Henderson, L’t. ––, 50

Henderson River, 84, 118, 192, 197, 279, 280

Henderson, Vawter, 124

Henry, James D. (Gen.), 79, 93, 123, 125, 127, 141, 164, 173, 174,

175, 193, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214,

215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 228, 287

Henry, William, 82

Herclerode, George W., 187

Hewitt, ––, 118

Heyl, Serg’t. ––, 244

Hickman, Benj. F., 193

Hickory Creek, 167, 188

Hickory Point, 181

Hicks, B. (Q.M.), 190

Higbee, Charles, 94

Higginbotham, Alex, 169, 183

Highsmith, William (Capt.), 191

Hill, Dr. Allen, 183

Hinman, William, 119

Hitchcock, E.A. (Capt.), 120

Hoard, Capt. ––, 143, 181

Hodges, J., 192

Hoffman, William (L’t.), 120

Hogan, John S.C. (L’t.), 119

Holderman Settlement, 148

Hollenback, George B., 166

Hollenback, George M., 166, 167, 202

Hollenback’s Grove, 167

Holliday, Joel (Capt.), 190

Hollingsworth, Samuel, 125

Holman, Armstead (Capt.), 190

Holmes R. (L’t.), 120, 189, 204

Hood, John, 183, and see p. 224

Hook, Cornelius, 193

Hook, James H. (Capt.), 120

Horine, Michael, 124

Horn, Reddick (Rev. and Maj.), 122, 140, 154, 188, 189, 194

Horn, W.S., 150, 154

Horney, Samuel, 123

Houston, Alex. (Capt.), 191

How, Mr. –– of Platt, 227

Howard, Allen, 147, 150

Howard, Benj., 124

Howard, Gen., 48

Howard, Stephen P., 183, 184

Hubbard, Gurdon S. (L’t.), 169

Hull, ––, Surrender of, 41

Hulls, M.S., 82

Hunt, Richard, 159

Hunter, Charles W., 65

Hunter, John T. (Q.M.), 191

Hunter, Solomon (Capt.), 191

Huron, Lake, 38

Hussey, Nathan, 193

Hustisford, 215

Huston, A. (Col.), 257, 258

Huston, James (Maj.), 190

Huston, Samuel (Capt.), 195

Hutching, Private ––, 224

Hutt, Corbin R. (Capt.), 169

Hutter, George C., 111, 120

Iles, Elijah (Capt.), 145, 164, 172, 177, 286

Illinois Rapids, 188, 195, 197

Illinois River, 26, 27, 35, 62, 77, 111, 116, 139, 140, 146, 148,

188

Indian Creek, 146, 148, 202, 203

Indian Creek Massacre, 119, 146, 149 _et seq._, 160, 167

Indian Creek, Mich., 256

Indian Maiden at Fort Madison, 40

Indiana, 25, 258

Ingalls, Boone, 65

Interim Regiment, 164

Iometah, 236

Iowa River, 80, 106, 109, 224

Iowa Village, 103, 269

Iowa Village, Battle at, 69, 70

Iowas, 57, 69, 70, 100, 272, 273

Irwin, Alex. J., 235

Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58, 60, 193, 212, 242, 260, 261, 273

Jackson, Capt. ––, 255, 256, 258

Jacksonville, 194

James, Benj., 125, 164, 194

James, John, 124

James, Thomas (Maj.), 124, 125, 146, 161

Jarrot, Vital, 122

Jarrott, Francis, 164, 178

Jefferson Barracks, 89, 110, 121, 225, 240, 294

Jefferson County, 190

Jefferson, Thomas, 27

Jeffreon River, 32

Jenkins, A.M. (Capt.), 196

Jenkins, Thomas, 183

Jo Daviess County, 19, 140, 142

Jo Daviess Militia, 131

Johnson, George (Capt.), 235

Johnson, James (Capt. and Col.), 125, 126, 145, 157, 189

Johnson, James F. (Q.M.), 190

Johnson, John, 38

Johnson, John W. (Capt.), 61

Johnson, Seth (Capt.), 246

Johnston, Albert Sidney (L’t.), 111, 120, 140, 147, 161, 162, 189,

195, 196, 197, 205, 211, 225, 248, 286, 293, 294

Johnston, John D., 287

Johnston, Joseph E., 253

Johnston, L. (L’t.), 67

Johnston, Nathan, 178

Johnston, N.C., 124

Johnston, N.H., 193

Johnston, William P. (Col.), 295

Johnston, William P. (Mrs.), Introduction

Jones, Armstead, 218

Jones, C. (L’t.-Col.), 191

Jones, Edward, 93

Jones, Gabriel (Col.), 194, 206, 210, 216, 218

Jones, George W., 170, 171, 187, 208, 209, 295, 302, 303

Jones, James S. (Maj.), 191

Jones, Richard, 123

Jones, Capt. ––, of Randolph Co., 195

Jonesville, 254

Jordan, Elias (Capt.), 191

Jordan, James H., 272, 273, 274

Jordan, Mr., 69

Jordan, W., 94

Jouett, William R. (Capt.), 120

Julien, Mr. ––, 39

Ka-non-e-kah, 76

Ka-ra-zhon-sept-kah, 76

Ka-ta-ka, 61

Ka-ka-kew, 98

Ka-ke-ka-mah, 98

Ka-ke-me-ka-pes, 98

Kar-lun-da-wa-na, 263

Kas-kas-kias, 24, 26

Kellogg’s Grove, 156, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184, 187, 192, 198,

199, 200, 201, 204, 208, 300

Kellogg, O.W., 129, 176, 290

Kellogg’s Trail, 113, 129, 165, 176, 290

Ke-me-a-lo-sha, 64

Kendle, Samuel F., 94

Kennedy, George F., 94

Kennedy, Aid-de-Camp, 47

Kenney, John W., 193

Kenney, Thomas, 169

Kent, Erastus, 82

Kentucky, 25, 48, 58, 77, 78

Kent Township, 177

Ke-o-kuk, 20, 23, 44, 45, 79, 80, 81, 88, 107, 108, 112, 113, 228,

239, 240, 248, 251, 259, 261, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271

Ke-o-kuk’s Village, and Scenes There, 109, 110

Ke-o-sa-tah, 98

Ke-o-ta-she-ka, 64

Kee-tee-see, 98

Kercheval, Gholson, 119

Kesh-e-yi-va, 32

Kettle, 102, 108

Kee-was-see, 158

Keyes Lake, 217

Kick-a-poos, 55, 57, 90, 97, 238, 239

Kickapoo River, 222

Kincaid, James (Capt.), 194

Kincaid, Hiram, 94

Kingsley, Alpha (L’t.), 37, 38

Kingsbury, J.W. (L’t.), 120

Kingsbury, Julius J.B. (L’t.), 246

Kinney, Mr. ––, 127

Kinzie, John, 114

Kirker’s Farm, 181

Kirkpatrick, Wm., 164, 172, 278, 279

Kirkpatrick, R.H., 183

Kirkpatrick, ––, at Apple River Fort, 185, 187

Kish-wau-kee, 131, 205, 284

Knox County, 193

Koe-ko-skee, 98

Kosh-ko-nong, Lake, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 287

Kot-te-ken-ne-kak, 107

Kreeps, David, 135

Krupp, John, 94

La Croix, Cerre M., 65

La Croix, Joseph, 55

La Croix, Mitchell, 55

Lafayette County, 114

La Gouthrie, Edward, 41, 54, 58

Lagoterie, 41, 54, 58

Lake We Live On, 206

Lake House, 217

Lamotte, Lieut. ––, 104

Lamotte, ––, 236

Land Warrants, 77

Lane, Levin, 190

Lane, Will Carr, 111

Larned, Brig. Gen. ––, 255

La Saillier, 55

La Salle, 140

La Salle County, 159

Lasley’s, 117

Lawrence, W. (L’t.-Col.), 66

Lawrence County, 191

Lawhead, Benj., 183

Lay-ow-vois, 27, 30

Lead Mines, 100, 187

Leavenworth, Cantonment, 103, 121, 188, 193

Le Claire, Antoine, 19, 92, 98, 251, 259

Leech, Levin, 183

Leech, Samuel (Col.), 190

Lee County, 130

Leighton, Jonathan, 124, 164

Lemonweir Valley, 229

Lena, 177

Levers, Thomas (L’t.-Col.), 61

Lexington, Iowa, 275

Lieb, Daniel, 94

Lillard, 117

Lincoln, Abraham, 125, 140, 164, 173, 175, 196, 198, App., 277

Linden, H.S.J. (L’t.), 120

Lindsay, Allen F. (Capt.), 73, 195

Lipcap, Solomon, 72, 73, 76

“Little Bear”, 169, 170, 171

Little, Josiah, 124

Little Medicine Man, 114

Little Priest, 114, 180

Little Thunder, 215, 216

Little Turtle, 20

Little Vermilion River, 188

Lockwood, James H., 103, 105, 108

Logan, 20

Logan, Dr. J.B., 194

Loomis, G. (Capt.), 228

Long, Edward R. (L’t.), 246

Long, Thomas (Maj.), 116, 124, 125, 141, 161, 163, 280

Loraine, John, 94

Lorton, John, 93

Louisiana, 24, 29

Lovell, Michael, 184

Lovitt, Thomas, 82

Lowe, Gideon (Capt.), 106, 121, 212

Lower Cuivre Ferry, 56

Lower Iowa R., 111

Lowry, Private ––, 224

Lucas, Gov. ––, 18, 274

Lundy, John, 136

Luziére, 171

Lynnville, 194

Lyon, Elijah (Capt.), 253

Little Mascoutille, 58

Mackinac or Mackinaw, 47

Mackinac, Fall of, 41

Mackinaw Company, 47

Mackinaw Fencibles, 47

Mackitee, Andrew, 123

Macomb, Maj.-Gen. Alex, 228

Macomb, Ill., 193

Macon County, 125, 159

Macoupin County, 125, 194

Madding, Champion S. (Capt.), 191

Madison County, 125, 191, 194

Madison, Wis., 217

Madam Black Hawk, 268, 272, 273, 274

Mah-na-at-ap-e-kah, 76

Ma-ka-tai-she-kia-kiak, 17, 64, 98

Malden, 88, 238, 258

Mandeville, Jack, 75

Manner of Enlistments, 119

March, Enoch C. (Col.), 93, 94, 116, 140, 188, 193, 195, 212, 222

March to Rock River Mouth, in 1831, 92

March to the Wisconsin, 216

March to Yellow Banks in 1832, 118, etc.

Marie de Ogee, 128

Marion County, 190

Marsh, John, 102

Marshall, Humphrey (L’t.), 245

Marshall, Thomas I. or J., 124

Marsac, Joseph F. (Capt.), 255

Martin, Capt. ––, 257

Martin, Philip W., 117, 118, 123

Ma-sha-she, 64

Mash-co, 64

Mason, R.B. (Capt.), 120, 225

Mason, Stevens T. (Gov.), 254, 256

Masonic Temple, 35

Massey, L’t. ––, 55

Match-e-qua-wa, 64

Mathews, H., 93

Mathews, Cyrus (Capt.), 159, 188, 195, 196

Matthews, Samuel T. (Col.), 193, 196

Maughs, Milton M. (Capt.), 19, 142

Mauvisterre River, 194

Maynadier, William (Capt.), 247

Mayo, Jonathan (Capt.), 191

Mayo, Walter M. (Q.M.), 191

Me-al-es-e-ta, 64

Meau-eus, or Mee-au-mese, 147, 157

Me-caitch, 61

Mecomsen, William B., 177, 178

Medals, 32, 67

Men-a-con, 98

Menard, Peter (Capt.), 159, 164, 177, 205

Mendinall, Zadock, 135

Menominees, 67, 100, 102, 103, 110, 230, 235, 249, 259

Menominees, Murder of, 103, 104, 107, 110, 113, 234 _et seq._

Merameg River, 22

Merryman, Dr. E.H., 194, 215

Messersmith, John, Jr., 183

Methode, 72, 76

Mexico, Gulf of, 109

Michigan Militia in the War, 254

Military Tract, 77

Miller, Albert S., 120

Miller, Col., 58

Miller, Gov. of Mo., 160

Miller, G.V., 82

Miller, Solomon, 94, 159

Miller, William, 94

Miller, William (Maj.), 194

Million, Bennett, 181

Mills, Benj., 113

Milton, James, 135

Milwaukee River, 234

Mineral Point, Wis., 131, 143, 181

Miners’ Journal, 76

Missouri, 58;

Excitement in, 160

Missouri River, 44, 60, 61, 100, 103

Mitchell, E.G. (L’t.), 120

Moffett, Thomas (Capt.), 195

Mograine, Noel, 61

Molansat, 98

Monroe County, 125

Montgomery County, 117, 125, 194

Montreal, 17, 26

Moore Benj., 130

Moore, David H. (Q.M.), 195

Moore, Isaac R. (Col.), 169, 189

Moore, James, 124

Moore, James B. (Capt.), 61

Moore, J. Milton, 124

Moore, Jonathan, 124

Moore, Risdon, 124

Moore, Risdon Marshall, 124

Moore, William, 94, 124

Morgan County, 125, 140, 159, 188, 194, 195

Morgan, Joshua C., 126

Morgan, Willoughby (Col.), 98, 101, 104, 106, 107

Morgan, A. Brave, 106

Morris, Achilles (L’t.-Col.), 93, 123, 172

Morris, F.M., 183

Morrison, James, 123

Morrison, Wm. L.E., 123

Morrison’s Grove, 180

Morse, Jedediah, 67

Mosley, Roland, 159

Mower, Surgeon Thomas G., 243

Mud Lake, 205

Munroe, John (Capt.), 243, 253

Munson, Gideon, 134, 135

Munson, William, 150, 154

Murder of Rev. Adam Payne, 166, 167

Murder of Rev. James Sample, 166

Murphy, Wm. C. (Sgt.), 224

Musick, David (Capt.), 55, 56

Myers, William, 159

McAdams, William, 164

McBride, David, 229

McCall, Daniel, 126

McCall, Gentry, 82

M’Call, George A., 98

McClure, Robert, 125, 145

McCormick, Andrew, 218, 224

McClernand, John A., 190, 303

McClernand, E.J. (Col.) J., 190

McConnel, Murray, 123, 193, 215, 218, 224

McCown, John (Capt.), 191

McCoy, Charles, 142

McDonald, John, 186

McDonough County, 118

McDow, Thomas, 125, 281

McDaniel, Benj., 178

McDuffie, Franklin (L’t.), 243

McFadden, Geo. (Capt.), 157, 159, 202, 203

McGill, Hugh, 189

McGraw, Dominick, 183

McHatton, A., 123

McHenry, William (Maj.), 191, 212

McIlvaine, Caroline M., Introduction

McIlwaine, Murder of, 181

McKay, Wm. (Col.), 48, 67, 68

McKenney, Thomas L., 73

McLean County, 125, 136, 150, 159

McLean Hist. Society, 136

McMillen, Meredith S., 218

McMurtry, William (Capt.), 193

McNair, John, 218

M’Nair, L’t. ––, 55

McNeil, H., 82

McRee, Capt. ––, 212

Nabb, Mr. ––, 39

Na-chu-sa, 291

Na-i-o-gui-man, 67

Na-kis-ka-wa, 98

Na-ma-che-wa-na, 61

Na-match-e-sa, 64

Na-ma-we-nan-e, 64

Name of Black Hawk, 17

Na-mee, 98

Nam-e-qua, 268

Na-na-ma-kee, 17

Na-ni-sa, 239

Na-noch-aa-ta-sa, 61

Naper, Joseph (Capt.), 157, 167, 188

Naperville, 247, 257

Na-pe-ta-ka, 64

Napoleon, 24, 48

Napoleon Boat, 258

Na-sa-war-ku, 64

Na-she-as-kuk, 18

Nashville, 58

Na-som-see, 268

Neal, Moses, 190

Neale, Thomas M., 93

Neapope, 109, 130, 218, 224, 229, 238, 239, 240

Neepeek, 98

Nes-se-as-kuk, 268

Ne-sho-ta, 61

Neutral Strip, 101

Newcomb, F.D. (L’t.), 120

Newhall, Dr. Horatio, 142

New Salem, 278, 280, 281, 288

New York City, 262, 263

Niblo’s Garden, 263

Nichols, John (L’t.), 120

Niles, Mich, 256, 258

Noel, Thomas, 111, 120

Norfolk, 260

Norris, Robert, 148

Norvell, Joshua, 64

Nott, Royal A. (Capt.), 191

Nowlin, Bennett (Capt.), 194

Nute, Levi M. (L’t.), 120

Nutting, James, 187

Offutt, Mr., 278, 281

Ogee, Joseph, 129

Ohio, 25

Old Man’s Creek, 132, 137, 138

Old Mission, 203

Old Shullsburg, 143

Oliphant, E.P., 164

Omahas, 103, 108

O’Melvany, John, 194

O’Neal, John F. (Capt.), 143

Oneidas, 235

Onstott, John (Capt.), 190

Order No. 12, 126

Order No. 13, 126

Order No. 14, 126

Order No. 15, 128

Order No. 16, 128

Order No. 21, 146

Order No. 22, 161

Order Special No. 11, 161

Order of May 24, 163

Order No. 26, 172

Order No. 41, 195

Order No. 43, 195

Order No. 44, Defining Divisions and Duties, 203

Order No. 45, to L’t. Bowman, 204

Order No. 46, for Subsistence, 204

Order No. 48, Urging Obedience, 206

Order No. 49, 209

Order to Maj. Long, 116

Order to Maj. Stillman, 131

Orear, George, 123

Oregon, Wis., 209

Organization of Army, 1831, 93

Orr, Joseph, 194

Osages, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 103

Oshkahenahniew, 236

Oshkosh, 236

Oquawka, 116

Otoes, 103

Ottawa, 136, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 167, 169, 172, 188, 189,

193, 194, 202, 203, 204, 282, 285

Ottawas, 100

“Otto,” Steamboat, 188

Ouilmette, Louis, 130, 131, 149

Out-che-qua-ha, 27, 30, 31

Palmer, James (Capt.), 169

Palmer, Zalmon C. (Capt.), 111, 120, 299

Pa-ma-ke-tah, 98

Pan-se-na-nee, 98

Parish, Thomas J., 143

Parish’s Fort, 143

Parker, Leonard B. (Q.M.), 191

Parkinson, Daniel M., 143, 183, 209, 218

Parkinson, Peter, Jr., 183

Parrish, Dr. J.J., 191

Parmenter, Isaac, 191

Pa-she-ko-mack, 64

Pa-she-pa-ho, 27, 30, 31, 33, 40, 68, 69, 70, 79, 98, 264, 265,

266, 267

Pash-qua-mee, 107

Patterson, Gershom (Capt.) ––, 194, 204

Patterson, J.B., 19, 66, 240

Patrick, Samuel, 183

Paul, R., 64

Paul, T., 61

Pa-we-sheek, 98

Paw Paw Grove and Village, 130, 285

Payne, Rev. Adam, 166, 167, 168, etc.

Payne, Aaron, 168, 224

Payne, Morgan L. (Capt.), 169, 188, 189, 191, 193

Pearce, Hosea (Col.), 191

Pearson, Ed. L., 117

Pecatonica, 286

Pecatonica, The, 170, 181, 209

Pecatonica, The Battle of, 182

Pekin, 130

Pem-e-see, 98

Peoria, 55, 113, 116, 129, 176, 192, 288

Peoria County, 125, 159

Pekin, 159, 288

Perkins, Isaac, 135

Perkins, L’t. ––, 47

Perkins, Joseph, 64

Penrose, James W. (L’t.), 246

“Perry, Oliver H., The”, 73

Perry County, 194

Peru, 77, 140, 288

Peru Road, 140

“Petit Boeuff”, 76

Petition to Gov. Reynolds, 82, 83

Petty, Elisha, 125

Petersburg, 194

Pettigrew, William, 147

Penn, William, The, 242

Pe-wau-te-not, 236

Philip of Pokonoket, 20

Philleo, Addison, 143, 217

Phillips Ferry, 119

Phillips, Elijah, 192, 197

Phrenological Comments, 18, 19

Pickett, John (L’t.), 253

Pierce, Earl (Capt.), 160

Pierce, Samuel C., 93

Pike, Benjamin F., 82, 83, 84, 98

Pike County, 119, 125, 194

Pike, Zebulon M. (L’t.), 31, 32, 37

Pillsbury, Samuel, 126

Pinckney, Ninian (Capt.), 37, 38

Plainfield, 167, 169

Platoff, 48

Platteville, 143

Plum River, 170, 202, 205, 208

Po-ca-ma, 61

Poe-go-nah, 236

Poin-a-ke-ta, 64

Polo, 142, 176

Pontiac, 20, 80

Poore, Ben Perley, 279, 284

Pope County, 190

Poquette, Pierre, 215, 216

Portage des Sioux, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63

Portage des Sioux, Treaty of, 60

Portage, The, Wis., 229, 236

Posey, Alexander (Gen.), 190, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203,

204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228, 287

Posey, John F., 124

Pottowatomies, 32, 35, 68, 82, 90, 97, 130, 132, 133, 143, 146,

147, 205, 238, 239

Pottowatomie Council at Rock Creek, 166;

Village, 285

Powell, Alanson, 195

Powell, Daniel (Capt.), 191

Powell, William (L’t.), 235, 236

Prairie la Crosse, 230

Prairie du Chien, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 71, 72, 74, 75,

76, 89, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 112, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227,

228, 231, 237, 240, 249

Pratt Seth (Capt.), 125, 145

Prentiss, James (L’t.), James H., 253

Preuitt, Solomon, 94, 122

Price, Daniel, 125

Price, Thomas, 183

Prickett, David, 122

Prince, William, 30

Proclamation Opening Lands Ceded by 1804 Treaty, 79

Prophet’s Village, 35, 114, 126, 127, 128, 163, 284

Prosper, Samuel M., 123

Pryor, Nathaniel (L’t.), 38

Pugh, Isaac C. (Capt.), 125, 145

Putnam County, 159

Py-e-sa, 17, 22, 23

Pype-gee, 148, 166

Quash-qua-me, 27, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 44, 61, 80, 87

Quesh-qua-ing, 107, 108

Quincy, 18, 117, 140, 274

Ralls, William C. (Capt), 125, 164

Ramsay, Robert, 57

Ramsay, Robert (Mrs.), 57

Randall, Peter, 124

Randolph County, 194, 218

Randolph, Marcus, 200

Rankin, ––, 183

Rattan, M.E., 124

Raum, John (Maj.), 190

Rawlings, Marshall, 190

Rector, L’t. and Capt. ––, 49, 50, 53, 54

Red Bird, 72, 75, 76, 77

Red Cedar River, 100

Reed, Thomas B., 133

Reed, Michael, 159

Remann, Frederick, 195

Return to Ft. Armstrong, 267

Revell, Wallace, 138

Reynolds, John, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 113, 116, 118,

119, 122, 127, 130, 132, 139, 140, 141, 157, 161, 162, 169,

189, 192, 210, 245, 280, 284, 293, 294

Reynolds, Gov., Appeal for Troops, 113, 117

Reynolds’ Proclamation, May 15, 139

Rhodes, Mr., 156

Richardson, Asa, 111, 120, 248

Richardson, John F. (Capt.), 191

Riggs, Henry S., 194

Riggs, L’t., 49, 50

Riley, Bennet, 110, 120, 126, 177, 179, 192, 197

Rious, Senor, 24

Ritner, L’t. ––, 226, 228

Robison, John K., 298

Robinson, Chief Alex, 166

Roberts, Milton B., 193

Roberts, Calvert, 118

Roberts, Calvin, 123

Rochelle’s Village, 148

Rock Creek, 166

Rock Island, 48, 66, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95, 194, 230, 232,

240

Rock Island County, 193

Rockport, 94

Rock Lake, 217

Rock River, 17, 18, 31, 41, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58,

61, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 112, 115, 119, 120,

126, 129, 146, 156, 161, 166, 180, 187, 189, 203, 205, 209,

211, 212, 214, 238, 248, 271, 281, 283, 290, _et seq._

Rock River Sacs, 103 and see “British Band.”

Rogers, Jason, 111, 120, 248

Roman, Richard, 94, 123, 164, 177, 178

Rose, Edwin (L’t.), 253

Ross, Thomas B. (Capt.), 191

Ross, William, 119, 122, 125

Roundtree, Hiram (Capt.), 194

Roundtree, John H., 143

Rousseau, Gus S. (Lieut.), 120

Rowland, Isaac (Capt.), 255

Royster, Thomas J., 111, 120

Rushville, 117, 278, 279, 282

Russia, 48

Russell, William (Col.), 55, 56

Russell, David B. (Capt.), 190, 191

Russell, Col. of Mich., 258

Rutledge, Dr. John B., 164

Sain, John (Capt.), 193

Sakaegan Lake, 27

Sa-kee-too, 64

Saline, Mich., 256

Salter, William, 208

Salt River, 31

Sample, Rev. James, 165

Sanders, Hiram, 83, 84

Sandford, Isaac (Capt.), 191

Sangamon County, 93, 125, 164, 169, 195

Sangamon River, 194

Santeaux, 71

Sash-au-quash, 158

Sauk-e-nuk–Black Hawk’s Village, 17, 41, 52, 57, 67, 77, 81, 84,

94, 95, 101, 130, 165

Sauk Trail, 165

Sawyer, James, 65

Scales, S.H. (Capt.), 142

Schermerhorn, ––, 203

Schuyler County, 117-125, 159-164

Schwankovsky, Julie, 171

Scott, Benj., 178, 179

Scott, John, 76

Scott, John W., 164

Scott, Moses, 65

Scott, Winfield (Gen.), 168, 173, 212, 221, 228, 232, 238, 239,

291, 292, 304

Scott’s Expedition, 242 _et seq._

Schwarz, Col., 256

Searight, Joseph D. (L’t.), 111, 120

Searles, Murder of, 181

Semple, James, 94, 122, 164, 177

Senecas, The, 263

Sessions, Capt. Holden, 193

Seven Mile Bluff, 229

Sevier, Robert (L’t.), 120

Sha-a-toc, 157

Sha-bo-na or Shab-bo-na, 20, 133, 147, 148, etc., 157, 166, 189,

204

Sha-bo-na’s Village, 128, 130

Sha-ma-ga, 61

Shambaugh, Prof. B.F.Introduction and, 269

Sharp, Powell H. (L’t.-Col.), 194

Shaw, John (Col.), 254

Shaw, Nineveh, 191

Shelby County, 125

Shelledy, Stephen B., 191

Shelton, Joseph (Maj.), 190

Shem-e-non, 157

Sherman, John (Capt.), 143

She-she-qua-nas, 98

Shields, Alexander, 123

Short, Thomas J., 218

Simpson, Gideon, 124

Singing Bird, 268, 272, 273, 274

Sink Hole Battle, 46, 55, 56

Sinsinawa Mound, 187

Sioux, The, 47, 72, 100, 101, 102, 103, 224, 227, 229, 259

Skinner, Private ––, 224

Slaughter’s Farm, 217

Smart, Josiah, 110

Smith, Adam, 93

Smith, Alex. (Capt.), 194

Smith, Brig.-Gen. ––, 58

Smith, Chester, 167

Smith, David (Capt.), 191, 194, 195

Smith, George F. (Mrs.), 135

Smith, Henry (Capt.), 111, 120, 212, 224, 225, 248

Smith, Henry B. (Q.M.,) 191

Smith, James, 142

Smith, Jeremiah, 125, 194, 214, 215

Smith, John C. (Gen.), 296

Smith, Robert R., 224

Smith, Samuel, 93, 124, 164

Smith, Theophilas W. (Col.), 193

Smith, Thomas A. (Gen.), 66

Smith, Vincent, 142

Smith, William B., 125

Snelling, Fort, 72, 73

Snelling, Josiah (Col.), 72, 75

Snelling, William J., 75

Snock-wine, 157

Snyder, Adam W. (Capt.) | 122, 164, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,

192

Snyder, Dr. J.F., Introduction and, 273

Solomon, Samuel, 61, 64

Soulard, James G., 227

Souligny, 236

Spafford’s Farms, 230

Spafford, Murder of, 181

Spain, 24, 25, 29

Spanish Father, 23, 24, 26

Spears, Edward (L’t.), 56

Speech on Military Coat-tails, 288

Spencer, J.W., 82

Spencer, Murder of, 181

Spotted Arm, 180

Springfield, 215

Sprouce, William, 123

Stahl, Fred. (Serg’t.), 142, 169

Stambaugh, Col. ––, 226, 235 _et seq._

Stambaugh’s Expedition, 234

Stampede at Ft. Winnebago, 213

Stapp, James T.B., 122, 130

Stapp, Wyat B., 130

Starkey, John, 122

Starr, William E., 122

Stennett John (Capt.), 159

Stephenson County, 177, 184

Stephenson, James W., 127, 131, 141, 142, 143, 180, 181, 184, 187,

209

Stephenson, James W., Battle of, 184

Stephenson, W.J. (Capt.), 190, 191

Stewart, ––, 74

Stewart, Dr. ––, 49

Stewart, Hart L. (Col.), 257

Stewart, William M. (Capt.), 159

Stillman, Isaiah, 113, 125, 126, 128, 130, 139, 141, 145, 161,

199, 284, 292

Stillman’s Defeat, 119, 125, 132 _et seq._, 143, 163, 183, 201,

205, 218, 238, 254, 257, 294

Stillman’s Defense, 137

Stockbridges, The, 235

Stockton, Brig.-Gen., 255

Stoddard, Amos (Capt.), 30, 34

Stone, Clack (Capt.), 142, 185

Storm, L’t.-Col. ––, 190

Stout, Thomas (Capt.), 194

Strawn, Jeremiah, 159

Strawn, John (Col.), 159

Street, Joseph M. (Gen.), 98, 105, 226, 228, 230, 239, 241, 272

Strode, James M. (Col.), 113, 127, 131, 140, 142, 184, 185, 187,

283, 290, 296

Stuart, John T., 93, 164, 175, 281, 286

Ste. Genevieve, 76

St. Ange, 24

St. Charles, 55

St. Clair County, 93, 159, 164

St. Joseph, 254, 258

St. Joseph Island, 38

St. Louis, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 44, 56,

140, 154, 188, 266

St. Peter’s Indian Agency, 101, 102

St. Peter’s River, 101, 102

St. Pierre, Ensign, 50

St. Vrain, Felix, 86, 87, 88, 98, 106, 107, 169, 170;

Death of, 171, 173, 180, 181, 238, 251

Sublet, Thomas, 184

Sublets, Mr., 156

Sugar River, 183, 209, 236

Sullivan, John (Capt.), 47, 48

Summers, John, 124

“Sun, The”, 76

Superior, The–-Boat, 242 _et seq._

Swett, Leonard, 280

Sybald, Samuel, 123

Sycamore Bluff, 137

Sycamore Creek, 137, 139, 156, 161, 162, 204, 205, 238, 285, 286

Tah-sau-gah-now, 102

Ta-ko-na, 98

Taliaferro, Law, 102, 106

Tate, John, 124

Tavar, P.G., 65

Taylor, E.D., 93

Taylor, James, 178

Taylor, Zachary, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 112, 120, 121, 126, 128, 145,

161, 162, 172, 173, 179, 192, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 223,

224, 228, 230, 232, 290, 291

Taylor’s Battle, 53, 54

Tazewell Co., 113, 125, 159

Te-cum-seh, 20, 41, 42, 80, 109

Tennessee, 58, 77

Ten Eycks, 255

Te-pa-kee, 32

Terra Coupa Prairie, 257,

Terrell, Dr. William H., 194

Thames, Battle,| 42

Third Lake, 216, 217

Thomas, Henry, 165

Thomas, John (Col.), 122, 146, 164, 177, 179

Thomas, John B. (Capt.), 169

Thomas, William (Capt.), 191

Thomas, William (Col.), 93, 122

Thompson, Elias (Maj.), 159

Thompson, James (Capt.), 194

Thompson, James (Private), 218

Thompson, Joel, 82

Thompson, John, 187

Thompson, J.L., 124

Thompson, Samuel M. (Col.), 123, 279

Thompson, The–Boat, 242

Thompson, the Wrestler, 282

Thornton, W.A. (L’t.), 253

Thrall, Dr. Aaron, 191

Throckmorton, Capt., 222, 227

Throckmorton’s Report, 227

Thwaites, R.G., Introduction

Timms, J.B., 176

Timms’ Grove, 176

Ti-or-nay, 107

To-mah, 104

To-po-kia, 98

To-qua-mee, 148, 149, 157, 158

Townsend, H.S., 183

Tradition of Rock Island, 66

Treaty of 1783, 25, 47

Treaty of 1789, 32

Treaty of 1804, 21, 27, 31, 34, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 80, 100

Treaty of 1815, 60, 61, 62

Treaty of 1816, 63, 80

Treaty of Ghent, 55, 60, 63, 64

Treaty of 1824, 71

Treaty of 1825, 71, 100, 106, 107

Treaty of 1830, 101

Treaty of 1831, 92, 96

Treaty of 1832, 250

Tunnell, Luther, 118

Turcot, Commissioner, 58

Turner, Dr. ––, 274

Turney, James, 122, 193

Turtle Creek, 205, 287

Turtle Village, 205

Twiggs, David E. (Maj.), 120, 243

Ullman, Capt. —, 257

Union Co., 282

Upper Iowa River, 100, 228

Van Derveer, J.S., 111, 120

Vandruff, J., 82

Vandruff, S., 82

Vandruff’s Island, 94

Vansburgh, L.P., 142

Van Swearengen, J., 111, 120

Van Waggoner, 183

Vasquez, Burony (L’t.), 39

Vaughan, James W., 124

Vermillion County Regiment, 159, 169

Village of Black Hawk, 17, 41, 52, 57, 67, 77, 81, 84, 90, 94, 95,

101, 130, 165

Vincennes, 38

Wabash County, 191

Wabash Tribes, 26, 27

Wabasha Village, 73, 227

Wa-bo-ki-e-shiek–the Prophet, 87, 89, 91, 109, 112, 114, 130, 229,

231, 232, 233, 238, 240, 259, 262

Waddam’s Grove, 184

Wah-pa-koo-tas, 101, 102

Wakefield, John A., 127, 139, 195, 208, 209

Waldron, Thomas R., 164

Walker, A. (Capt.), 243

Walker, George E., 158, 166, 204

Walker, James (Capt.), 160, 167, 193

Walker, Wilbur, 157

Wallace, William M., 190

“Wallace, William,” Steamboat, 118

Walters, John, 135

Waniga, 176

Wa-pa-la-mo, 64

Wa-pa-mak-qua, 64

Wa-pa-qunt, 98

Wa-pel-lo, or Wa-pel-la, or Wau-pel-la, 79, 88, 98, 112, 113, 228,

264, 265, 266

War of 1812, 38, 41

Warnick, William (Capt.), 159

Warnsing, Dr. John, 194

War-pa-lo-ka, 64

Warrell, Vigo, S., 30

Warren County, 118, 193

Warren, Daniel and Ezekiel, 203

Warren, Peter, 125

Warrick, Montgomery, 124

Warrior, The–Steamboat, 222, 225, 227, 239, 248

Wash, R., 61, 64

Washburne, E.B., 114

Wash-e-own, 46

Washington, 259, 261, 265, 268

Washington County, 194

Wash-ut, 98

Was-sek-e-ne-qua, 64

Waters, G.W., 120

Watson, John B., 123

Wau-ban-se, or Wau-ban-see, or Wa-ban-se, 133, 147, etc., 189

Waukon Decori, 232

Wau-koo-kah, 76

Wau-nau-ko, 236

Wa-wap-o-la-sa, 98

Wayne County, 190

Weatherford, William, 94, 123, 193

Webb, Henry L. (Capt.), 195

Webb, Stephen H. (Capt.), 202

Wee-sa-ka, 61

We-kau, 72

Welch, Edmund, 185

Wells, Albert, 82

Wells, Alexander, 94

Wells, Asaph, 82

Wells, Berryman G. (Capt.), 190

Wells, Eli, 82

Wells, Huntington, 82

Wells, Joel, 82

Wells, John, 82

Wells, Joseph, 218

Wells, Levi, 82

Wells, Samuel, 82

Wells, Samuel, of Wisconsin, at Pecatonica, 183

Wentworth, John, 244

West, A.S., 98

West, Obediah (Capt.), 190, 191

West Bureau Timber, 165

Westerfield Scare, 169

Wethers, Enoch B., 93

Wharton, Clifton (Capt.), 120

Wheeler, Erastus (Capt.), 94, 125

Wheelock, E.L.R., 118, 123

Wheelwright, W., 111, 189, 248

Whipple, Charles W., 257

Whirling Thunder, 114, 153, 180

Whistler, William (Maj.), 246, 257, 258

White, Alexander (Capt.), 164

White Beaver, 240, 241

White Cloud, 209

White County, 191

White Crow, 114, 152, 180, 209, 230

White Elk, 68

White, James, 125, 145

White. James (Capt.), of Hancock County, 193

White, John, 218, 224

White Oak Springs, 143, 153, 156

White Otter, 260

White Pawnee, 215, 216

Whiteside County, 35

Whiteside, Samuel, 53, 54, 61, 94, 98, 116, 118, 122, 125, 126,

127, 132, 145, 146, 161, 163, 164, 177, 178

Whiteside, William B.,| 53, 54, 94

Whitewater River, 209, 210, 211, 212, 287

Whitlock, James, 124

Whittlesey, Col., 198

Wick-a-up, 81

Wickliffe, W.N., 120

Wilbourn, John S., 140, 159, 160, 188

Willard, George (Sergt.), 224

Will County, 160, 167

Williams, J.R. (Gen.), 254, 255, 256, 257, 258

Williams, J.S., 111, 120

Williams, William (L’t.), 161

Willis, George B. (Capt.), 159

Wilson, Alexander, 190

Wilson, Bluford (Col.), 190

Wilson, Harrison (Capt.), 190

Wilson, H.A. (L’t.), 253

Wilson, James H. (Gen.), 190

Wilson, J.M., 258

Wilson, Moses G., 123, 125, 283

Wilson, William L., 283

Winchester, P.H., 94

Wingville, 143

Winnebagoes, 35, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, 57, 73, 76, 82, 91, 97, 100,

114, 132, 143, 146, 180, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 226, 229,

231, 232, 238, 239, 250, 260

Winnebago Outbreak, 71, 72

Winnebago Squaws Debauched, Denied, 76

“Winnebago, The”–Steamboat, 188

Winnebago Swamps, 197

Winneshiek, 226

Winnette, James (Maj.), 67

Winona, 73

Winstanley, John, 124

Winters, John D., 142

Winters, Nathan, 125

Wiota, 143

Wisconsin, 26, 100, 221

Wisconsin Bottoms, 218

Wisconsin Heights, Battle of, 218, 220, 221

Wisconsin River, 27, 29, 35, 50, 87, 213, 217, 218, 222, 226, 228,

232

Witter, Dan S., 98

Wood, E.K. (Surgeon), 193

Wood, John D. (Maj.) | 194

Woodbridge, W.W., 143, 183, 215, 216

Woodrow, Hugh, 126

Woodson, Joseph C., 124

Worth, Joseph S. (L’t.), 120

Worth, W.J. (Col.), 243

Wren, Johnson (Maj.), 190

Wright, David, 94

Wright, Thomas, 111

Wyatt, R.M., 287

Wyatt, William (L’t.-Col.), 191

Yeizer, Capt., 47, 48, 50

Yellow Banks, 116, 118, 119, 120, 248, 278, 279, 280, 282

Yellow River, 184

Young, Joseph L., 224

Young, Richard M., 113, 158

Ypsilanti, 255, 256

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Footnotes

-----

Footnote 276:

Fulton’s “Red Men of Iowa,” 222.

Footnote 277:

Annals of Iowa, May, 1902.

Footnote 278:

Page 164, Vol. 3, Smith’s Wis. Foot note by W.R. Smith, the

author: “I can vouch myself that I came up the Mississippi in a

steamboat, on board of which was Black Hawk, his wife and son and

a number of his warriors, in July, 1837, and that Black Hawk was

apparently particularly fond of brandy, as he often indulged

himself with it at the bar on board of the boat; but to this act,

it must be confessed, he was always invited by the white

passengers.”

Footnote 279:

Copied from “The Iowa News,” Vol. 1, No. 29, June 6, 1838.

Footnote 280:

Bilious fever.

Footnote 281:

The Indian trader, beloved of Black Hawk and his family. Fulton,

p. 117.

Footnote 282:

Magazine of American History, Vol. XV, No. 5, p. 494 _et seq._

Footnote 283:

It has been said these were given him respectively by Pt. Jackson,

John Quincy Adams, Ex-Pt., and the City of Boston. If the latter

made such a present it must have been during his last visit east,

because he did not go to Boston during his first trip.

Footnote 284:

Fulton, on page 228, insists that the head was first stolen, but

being frightened, Turner threw it into his saddle-bags and ran

away to return later and procure the body; but as a discrepancy

exists as to his dates, it is possible he was mistaken in other

details.

Footnote 285:

A story has been told that Capt. Lincoln’s first command was

answered by being told to “go to the devil.”

Footnote 286:

Another volunteered at Beardstown, April 29th, and another at

Dixon’s Ferry, May 19, making the total strength of the company

seventy men.

Footnote 287:

Journal O.H. Browning.

Footnote 288:

His strength was full three-fourths of the company.

Footnote 289:

Nicolay and Hay.

Footnote 290:

Lamon 110.

Footnote 291:

Lt. Robert Anderson mustered Private Lincoln into that company.

Footnote 292:

Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, p. 219.

Footnote 293:

Mr. Poore was not exact in his quotations from that speech, but

near enough the truth to escape the charge of error.

Footnote 294:

Col. E.C. March and others.

Footnote 295:

Flagler’s Rock Island Arsenal, p. 21.

Footnote 296:

Stephenson’s.

Footnote 297:

Jefferson Davis, a memoir by his wife. Vol. 1, p. 133.

Footnote 298:

He died of consumption incited and accelerated by that exposure.

Footnote 299:

Robert Anderson did take the second installment as far as Ft.

Armstrong, where he was compelled to enter the hospital, from

cholera.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note:

Minor errors or inconsistencies of punctuation or formatting have

been corrected silently. Where it seems most likely that spelling

errors were made by the printer, they have been corrected as noted

below. Most quoted material is not noticeably lax in this regard,

perhaps because the author made his own corrections.

However, spelling of proper names can vary and are generally allowed

to stand, even where the Index disagrees with the referred text. For

instance, the index entry ‘Blackmaars, Mich.’ refers to the

possessive form ‘Blackmaar’s’ in the text. It is not clear whether

the reference is to a village or merely the residence of a family of

that name. Similarly, the entry for ‘Davitts ——’ refers to

‘Davitt’s’. A less trustworthy entry for ‘Dee Sulhorst, Justus’

refers to 'the farm of Justus DeSeelhorst’. The latter spelling is

borne out by historical records, but the index has not been

corrected.

The entry for ‘Phillipps Ferry’ (‘Phillip’s Ferry’ in the text), was

considered an error and corrected by removing the redundant letter.

The index entry for ‘Guyol de Guirano’ appears as ‘Guirano, Guyolde’

which has been deemed an error and corrected.

The entry for ‘Na-i-o-gui-man omits the page reference to p. 67. The

entry for Wallace Revell also omitted the reference to p. 138, n.

125.

The entry for ‘Order No. 45, to L’t. Lowman’, refers to a Lt. Samuel

Bowman, and has been corrected.

In the appendix, p. 293 seems to have been missed during the editing

of the original text. On that page, O.H. Browning is listed in the

printed text as ‘O.S. Browning’ (which was hand-corrected in the

text), referring to the future Senator O.H. Browning. The correction

has been retained. Handwritten notes in the text also point out that

a number of references on p. 293 were missed in the compilation of

the index (for Joseph E. Johnson, John A. McClernand, and Capt.

Harrison Wilson). Given that there may be other omissions, these

were not added and are merely noted here.

The caption for the image of Rachael Munson between pp. 154 and 155

misspelled her first name (as ‘Rachel’), which was corrected for

consistency. As noted below this variant appeared also on p. 152.

This table summarizes any corrections which were made to the text.

p. 32 n. 14 Am. State Papers, V, 689, 690, _Sic._ 693?

[663]

p. 40 sudden[t] halt Removed.

p. 58 gen[e]ral orders Added.

p. 101 This forty-mile [s]trip Added.

p. 107 [“]‘Chiefs and Warriors of the Added.

Sacs and Foxes:

“[‘]It becomes our duty, Added.

p. 126 General Atkinson is[s]ued Added.

p. 131 with ma[ura/rau]ding bands and Corrected.

murderers.

p. 145 the foll[o]wing day Added.

p. 150 [“]We passed on to the creek Added.

p. 152 out of Rach[a]el’s head Added.

p. 168 a harm[l]ess child Added.

p. 193 sett[t]lers Removed.

p. 204 rat[i]ons per man Added.

p. 210 but th[o]roughly discouraged Added.

p. 229 [“]For two whole days Added.

p. 305 a [course] dough for _Sic._

subsistence