CHAPTER XXXIV.

CONCERNING THE RELIGION OF THE CATHAYANS;{1} THEIR VIEWS

AS TO THE SOUL; AND THEIR CUSTOMS.

As we have said before, these people are Idolaters, and as regards

their gods, each has a tablet fixed high up on the wall of his chamber,

on which is inscribed a name which represents the Most High and

Heavenly God; and before this they pay daily worship, offering incense

from a thurible, raising their hands aloft, and gnashing their teeth{2}

three times, praying Him to grant them health of mind and body; but of

Him they ask nought else. And below on the ground there is a figure

which they call _Natigai_, which is the god of things terrestrial. To

him they give a wife and children, and they worship him in the same

manner, with incense, and gnashing of teeth,{2} and lifting up of

hands; and of him they ask seasonable weather, and the fruits of the

earth, children, and so forth.{3}

Their view of the immortality of the soul is after this fashion. They

believe that as soon as a man dies, his soul enters into another body,

going from a good to a better, or from a bad to a worse, according as

he hath conducted himself well or ill. That is to say, a poor man, if

he have passed through life good and sober, shall be born again of a

gentlewoman, and shall be a gentleman; and on a second occasion shall

be born of a princess and shall be a prince, and so on, always rising,

till he be absorbed into the Deity. But if he have borne himself ill,

he who was the son of a gentleman shall be reborn as the son of a boor,

and from a boor shall become a dog, always going down lower and lower.

The people have an ornate style of speech; they salute each other with

a cheerful countenance, and with great politeness; they behave like

gentlemen, and eat with great propriety.{4} They show great respect to

their parents; and should there be any son who offends his parents, or

fails to minister to their necessities, there is a public office which

has no other charge but that of punishing unnatural children, who are

proved to have acted with ingratitude towards their parents.{5}

Criminals of sundry kinds who have been imprisoned, are released at

a time fixed by the Great Kaan (which occurs every three years), but

on leaving prison they are branded on one cheek that they may be

recognized.

The Great Kaan hath prohibited all gambling and sharping, things more

prevalent there than in any other part of the world. In doing this, he

said: “I have conquered you by force of arms, and all that you have is

mine; if, therefore, you gamble away your property, it is in fact my

property that you are gambling away.” Not that he took anything from

them however.

I must not omit to tell you of the orderly way in which the Kaan’s

Barons and others conduct themselves in coming to his presence. In

the first place, within a half mile of the place where he is, out of

reverence for his exalted majesty, everybody preserves a mien of the

greatest meekness and quiet, so that no noise of shrill voices or loud

talk shall be heard. And every one of the chiefs and nobles carries

always with him a handsome little vessel to spit in whilst he remain

in the Hall of Audience—for no one dares spit on the floor of the

hall,—and when he hath spitten he covers it up and puts it aside.{6}

So also they all have certain handsome buskins of white leather, which

they carry with them, and, when summoned by the sovereign, on arriving

at the entrance to the hall, they put on these white buskins, and give

their others in charge to the servants, in order that they may not foul

the fine carpets of silk and gold and divers colours.]

NOTE 1.—Ramusio’s heading has _Tartars_, but it is manifestly of

the Cathayans or Chinese that the author speaks throughout this

chapter.

NOTE 2.—“_Sbattendo i denti_.” This is almost certainly, as Marsden

has noticed, due to some error of transcription. Probably _Battono

i fronti_, or something similar, was the true reading. [See

following note, p. 461.—H. C.]

NOTE 3.—The latter part of this passage has, I doubt not, been

more or less interpolated, seeing that it introduces again as a

_Chinese_ divinity the rude object of primitive Tartar worship,

of which we have already heard in Bk. I. ch. liii. And regarding

the former part of the passage, one cannot but have some doubt

whether what was taken for the symbol of the Most High was not

the ancestral tablet, which is usually placed in one of the inner

rooms of the house, and before which worship is performed at fixed

times, and according to certain established forms. Something, too,

may have been known of the Emperor’s worship of Heaven at the

great circular temple at Peking, called _T’ien-t’ân_, or Altar of

Heaven (see p. 459), where incensed offerings are made before a

tablet, on which is inscribed the name Yuh-Hwang Shang-ti, which

some interpret as “The Supreme Ruler of the Imperial Heavens,”

and regard as the nearest approach to pure Theism of which there

is any indication in Chinese worship (See _Doolittle_, pp. 170,

625; and _Lockhart_ in _J. R. G. S._, xxxvi. 142). This worship is

mentioned by the Mahomedan narrator of Shah Rukh’s embassy (1421):

“Every year there are some days on which the Emperor eats no animal

food.... He spends his time in an apartment which contains no idol,

and says that he is worshipping the God of Heaven.”[1] (_Ind.

Antiquary_, II. 81.)

[Illustration: Great Temple of Heaven, Peking.]

The charge of irreligion against the Chinese is an old one, and

is made by Hayton in nearly the same terms as it often is by

modern missionaries: “And though these people have the acutest

intelligence in all matters wherein material things are concerned,

yet you shall never find among them any knowledge or perception

of spiritual things.” Yet it is a mistake to suppose that this

insensibility has been so universal as it is often represented. To

say nothing of the considerable numbers who have adhered faithfully

to the Roman Catholic Church, the large number of Mahomedans

in China, of whom many must have been proselytes, indicates an

interest in religion; and that Buddhism itself was in China once

a spiritual power of no small energy will, I think, be plain to

any one who reads the very interesting extracts in Schott’s essay

on Buddhism in Upper Asia and China. (_Berlin Acad. of Sciences_,

1846.) These seem to be so little known that I will translate

two or three of them. “In the years _Yuan-yeu_ of the Sung (A.D.

1086–1093), a pious matron with her two servants lived entirely to

the Land of Enlightenment. One of the maids said one day to her

companion: ‘To-night I shall pass over to the Realm of Amita.’ The

same night a balsamic odour filled the house, and the maid died

without any preceding illness. On the following day the surviving

maid said to the lady: ‘Yesterday my deceased companion appeared

to me in a dream, and said to me: “Thanks to the persevering

exhortations of our mistress, I am become a partaker of Paradise,

and my blessedness is past all expression in words.”’ The matron

replied: ‘If she will appear to me also then I will believe what

you say.’ Next night the deceased really appeared to her, and

saluted her with respect. The lady asked: ‘May I, for once, visit

the Land of Enlightenment?’ ‘Yea,’ answered the Blessed Soul,

‘thou hast but to follow thy handmaiden.’ The lady followed her

(in her dream), and soon perceived a lake of immeasurable expanse,

overspread with innumerable red and white lotus flowers, of

various sizes, some blooming, some fading. She asked what those

flowers might signify? The maiden replied: ‘These are all human

beings on the earth whose thoughts are turned to the Land of

Enlightenment. The very first longing after the Paradise of Amita

produces a flower in the Celestial Lake, and this becomes daily

larger and more glorious, as the self-improvement of the person

whom it represents advances; in the contrary case, it loses in

glory and fades away.’[2] The matron desired to know the name of an

enlightened one who reposed on one of the flowers, clad in a waving

and wondrously glistening raiment. Her whilom maiden answered:

‘That is Yangkie.’ Then asked she the name of another, and was

answered: ‘That is Mahu.’ The lady then said: ‘At what place shall

I hereafter come into existence?’ Then the Blessed Soul led her a

space further, and showed her a hill that gleamed with gold and

azure. ‘Here,’ said she, ‘is your future abode. You will belong to

the first order of the blessed.’ When the matron awoke she sent

to enquire for Yangkie and Mahu. The first was already departed;

the other still alive and well. And thus the lady learned that the

soul of one who advances in holiness and never turns back, may be

already a dweller in the Land of Enlightenment, even though the

body still sojourn in this transitory world” (pp. 55–56).

What a singular counterpart the striking conclusion here forms to

Dante’s tremendous assault on a still living villain,—or enemy!

——————“che per sua opra

In anima in Cocito già si bagna,

Ed in corpo par vivo ancor di sopra.”

—_Infern._ xxxiii. 155.

Again: “I knew a man who during his life had killed many living

beings, and was at last struck with an apoplexy. The sorrows in

store for his sin-laden soul pained me to the heart; I visited

him, and exhorted him to call on the Amita; but he obstinately

refused, and spoke only of indifferent matters. His illness clouded

his understanding; in consequence of his misdeeds he had become

hardened. What was before such a man when once his eyes were

closed? Wherefore let men be converted while there is yet time! In

this life the night followeth the day, and the winter followeth

the summer; that, all men are aware of. But that life is followed

by death, no man will consider. Oh, what blindness and obduracy is

this!” (p. 93).

Again: “Hoang-ta-tie, of T’ancheu (Changshu-fu in Honan), who lived

under the Sung, followed the craft of a blacksmith. Whenever he

was at his work he used to call without intermission on the name

of Amita Buddha. One day he handed to his neighbours the following

verses of his own composing to be spread about:—

‘Ding dong! The hammer-strokes fall long and fast,

Until the Iron turns to steel at last!

Now shall the long long Day of Rest begin,

The Land of Bliss Eternal calls me in.’

Thereupon he died. But his verses spread all over Honan, and many

learned to call upon Buddha” (103).

Once more: “In my own town there lived a physician by name

Chang-yan-ming. He was a man who never took payment for his

treatment from any one in poor or indifferent circumstances; nay,

he would often make presents to such persons of money or corn to

lighten their lot. If a rich man would have his advice and paid

him a fee, he never looked to see whether it were much or little.

If a patient lay so dangerously ill that Yanming despaired of his

recovery, he would still give him good medicine to comfort his

heart, but never took payment for it. I knew this man for many a

year, and I never heard the word _Money_ pass his lips! One day

a fire broke out in the town, and laid the whole of the houses

in ashes; only that of the physician was spared. His sons and

grandsons reached high dignities” (p. 110).

Of such as this physician the apostle said: “Of a truth I perceive

that God is no respecter of persons: But in every nation he that

feareth Him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with Him.”

[“By the ‘Most High and Heavenly God,’ worshipped by the Chinese,

as Marco Polo reports, evidently the Chinese _T’ien_, ‘Heaven’ is

meant, _Lao t’ien ye_ in the common language. Regarding ‘the God

of things terrestrial,’ whose figure the Chinese, according to M.

Polo, ‘placed below on the ground,’ there can also be no doubt that

he understands the _T’u-ti_, the local ‘Lar’ of the Chinese, to

which they present sacrifices on the floor, near the wall under the

table.

“M. Polo reports, that the Chinese worship their God offering

incense, raising their hands aloft, and gnashing their teeth.

Of course he means that they placed the hands together, or held

kindled joss-stick bundles in their hands, according to the Chinese

custom. The statement of M. Polo _sbattendo i denti_ is very

remarkable. It seems to me, that very few of the Chinese are aware

of the fact, that this custom still exists among the Taouists.

In the rituals of the Taouists the _K’ow-ch’i_ (_K’ow_ = ‘to

knock against,’_ch’i_ = ‘teeth’) is prescribed as a comminatory

and propitiatory act. It is effected by the four upper and lower

foreteeth. The Taouists are obliged before the service begins to

perform a certain number of _K’ow-ch’i_, turning their heads

alternately to the left and to the right, in order to drive away

mundane thoughts and aggressions of bad spirits. The _K’ow-ch’i_

repeated three times is called _ming fa ku_ in Chinese, _i.e._ ‘to

beat the spiritual drum.’ The ritual says, that it is heard by the

Most High Ruler, who is moved by it to grace.

“M. Polo observed this custom among the lay heathen. Indeed, it

appears from a small treatise, written in China more than a hundred

years before M. Polo, that at the time the Chinese author wrote,

all devout men, entering a temple, used to perform the _K’ow-ch’i_,

and considered it an expression of veneration and devotion to

the idols. Thus this custom had been preserved to the time of M.

Polo, who did not fail to mention this strange peculiarity in the

exterior observances of the Chinese. As regards the present time it

seems to me, that this custom is not known among the people, and

even with respect to the Taouists it is only performed on certain

occasions, and not in all Taouist temples.” (_Palladius_, pp.

53–54.)—H. C.]

NOTE 4.—“True politeness cannot of course be taught by rules

merely, but a great degree of urbanity and kindness is everywhere

shown, whether owing to the naturally placable disposition of the

people, or to the effects of their early instruction in the forms

of politeness.” (_Mid. Kingdom_, II. 68.) As regards the “ornate

style of speech,” a well-bred Chinaman never says _I_ or _You_, but

for the former “the little person,” “the disciple,” “the inferior,”

and so on; and for the latter, “the learned man,” “the master,”

or even “the emperor.” These phrases, however, are not confined

to China, most of them having exact parallels in Hindustani

courtesy. On this subject and the courteous disposition of the

Chinese, see _Fontaney_, in _Lett. Edif._ VII. 287 _seqq._; also

XI. 287 _seqq._; _Semedo_, 36; _Lecomte_, II. 48 _seqq._ There are,

however, strong differences of opinion expressed on this subject;

there is, apparently, much more genuine courtesy in the north than

in the south.

NOTE 5.—“Filial piety is the fundamental principle of the Chinese

polity.” (_Amiot_, V. 129.) “In cases of extreme unfilial conduct,

parents sometimes accuse their children before the magistrate, and

demand his official aid in controlling or punishing them; but such

instances are comparatively rare.... If the parent require his

son to be publicly whipped by the command of the magistrate, the

latter is obliged to order the infliction of the whipping.... If

after punishment the son remain undutiful and disobedient, and his

parents demand it at the hands of the magistrate, the latter must,

with the consent of the maternal uncles of the son, cause him to

be taken out to the high wall in front of the yamun, and have him

there publicly whipped to death.” (_Doolittle_, 102–103.)

NOTE 6.—[Mr. Rockhill writes to me that pocket-spitoons are still

used in China.—H. C.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] “In the worship carried on here the Emperor acts as a high priest.

HE only worships; and no subject, however high in rank, can join

in the adoration.” (_Lockhart_.) The actual temple dates from

1420–1430; but the _Institution_ is very ancient, and I think

there is evidence that such a structure existed under the Mongols,

probably only _restored_ by the Ming. [It was built during the 18th

year of the reign of the third Ming Emperor Yung Loh (1403–1425);

it was entirely restored during the 18th year of K’ien Lung;

it was struck by lightning and burnt down in 1889; it is being

rebuilt.—H. C.]

[2] In 1871 I saw in Bond Street an exhibition of (so-called) “spirit”

drawings, _i.e._ drawings alleged to be executed by a “medium” under

extraneous and invisible guidance. A number of these extraordinary

productions (for extraordinary they were undoubtedly) professed to

represent the “Spiritual Flowers” of such and such persons; and the

explanation of this as presented in the catalogue was in substance

exactly that given in the text. It is highly improbable that the

artist had any cognizance of Schott’s Essay, and the coincidence

was assuredly very striking.

END OF VOL I.

[Illustration: Archway erected under the Mongol Dynasty, at Kiu Yung

Kwan, N.W. of Peking.[1]]

[Illustration: MARCO POLO’S ITINERARIES Nᵒ. IV. (Book I, Chapter 36 to

end & chief part of Book II.)

PLAN OF SHANGTU From an Eye-Sketch by Dʳ. S. W. Bushell, 1872

Crossing of the HWANG-HO on road to SINGAN-FU]

----------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] On the walls of this archway is engraved the inscription in six

characters, of which a representation accompanies ch. xv. of

Prologue, note 1.

INDEX

Transcriber’s Note:

- Numbers in _italics_ refer to Prefatory Material in volume I

- ‘i.’ and ‘ii.’ indicate volume referred to

- ‘n’ indicates item is in Notes on that page

- Index has been duplicated from volume II to volume I

- Only links for this volume are enabled

Aás, Asu, _see_ Alans

Abacan, a Tartar general, ii. 255, 261n, 596n

Ábah, _see_ Ávah

Abaji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Abáḳa (Abaga), Khan of Persia, i. 33n, 36n, 91n, 103n, ii. 465–467,

474, 475, 477n, 495n

Abano, Pietro of, his notice of Polo, _119_

Abash (Habsh), _see_ Abyssinia

Abba Gregory, ii. 433n

Abbás, Sháh, i. 90n

Abbott, Consul Keith E., i. 81n, 82n, 89n, 92n, 96n, 99n, 106n, 111n,

113n, 114n, 125n

Abdul Kuri islands, ii. 405n

—— Mejid, i. 175n

Abeskun (Baxon), on the Caspian, i. 59n

Abher, i. 38n, 82n

Abkashian forests, boxwood of the, i. 57n

_Abnús_, ebony, ii. 272n

Abraha, ruler of Yemen, ii. 434n

Abraiaman, _see_ Brahmans

Abubakr, Atabeg of Fars, i. 85n, ii. 348n

—— Ibrahim, and Mahomed, engineers employed by Kúblái, ii. 168n

Abu’l Abbas Ahmed VII., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n

—— Fázl, i. 103n, 168n, 169n, ii. 367, 374n

Abulfeda, his geography, _4_, i. 3n, 6n, 9n, 53n, 57n, 58n, 75n, 81n,

110n, 385n, ii. 237n, 286n, 367n, 377n, 486n, 489n;

at the siege of Acre, 165n

Abulfiez Khan, king of Bokhara, i. 88n

Abu Nasr Mohammed IX., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n

—— Saïd, i. 86n, ii. 347n

Abyssinia (Abash), ii. 427 _seqq._, 431n;

its king’s punishment of Soldan of Aden, 428–430;

dominion on the coast, mediæval history and chronology, 434n–437n;

table of kings, 435n;

wars with Mahomedan states, 436n

Acbalec Manzi, “White City of the Manzi frontier,” ii. 33, 34n, 35n

Acbalec or Acbaluc (Cheng-ting fu), ii. 13, 14n

Accambale, king of Champa, ii. 267, 270n

Achan, i. 66n

Achin, Acheh, Achem, ii. 283n, 286n, 295n, 296n, 300n, 303n, 305n,

307n;

its gold and lign-aloes, 287n;

conversion of, 288n;

its great power at one time, 289n;

elephants at, 289n

—— Head, ii. 300n, 307n

Achmath, the Bailo, _see_ Ahmad

Acomat Soldan (Ahmad Sultan), seizes throne of Tabriz, ii. 467;

goes to encounter Argon, 468;

rejects his remonstrance, 469;

defeats and takes him, 470;

hears of Argon’s escape, is taken and put to death, 473;

notes on the history, 470n, 474n

Acorn bread, i. 122n

Acqui, Friar Jacopo d’, his notice of Polo, _54_, _67_, _119_

Acre, i. 17, 22;

Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese, _42_;

plan of, 18n;

captured by Saracens, ii. 165n, 441n;

wickedness of, 442n;

Polos at, 593n

Adam, Bishop and Pope of China, ii. 28n

—— Seth, and the Tree of Life, legend of, i. 135n

Adamodana, Castle of, i. 58n

Adam’s Apple, i. 99n

—— sepulchre on mountain (Adam’s Peak) in Ceylon, ii. 316, 328n;

rubies, 316n;

his teeth, hair, etc., 319–320;

the footmark, 321n–322n

Adel, apparently confused with Aden, ii. 433n, 435n, 440n

Aden, Horse and other Trade with India, ii. 340, 348n, 390, 407, 427,

431, 438;

Soldan’s treatment of a bishop, 428;

Vengeance of King of Abyssinia on him, 430;

confused with Adel, 433n;

account of Kingdom, 438, 439n–440n;

the Sultan, 438–439, 440n;

intercourse and trade with China, tanks, 440n;

view of, 441

Adoration of the Emperor, i. 391

_Adulis_, ii. 432n;

inscription of, 434n

Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient, i. 16n

Aepyornis and its eggs, ii. 416n–417n

Aëtius, his prescription of musk, i. 279n, ii. 302n;

of camphor, 302n

Afghans, their use of the fat-tailed sheep, i. 100n

Africa, Sea surrounding to the South, ii. 415n

Agassiz, Professor, i. 100n

Agathocles, Coins of, i. 163n

Ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος, island, ii. 310n

Agha Ali Sháh, present representative of the Old Man of the Mountain,

i. 148n

—— Khan Meheláti, late representative of the Old Man, i. 147n

Aghrukji or Ukuruji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Agricola, Governor of Cappadocia, etc., i. 45n

Aguil, Mongol general, ii. 136, 138n

Ahmad (Achmath), the Bailo, of Fenaket, his power, oppressions,

death, etc., i. 415 _seqq._, 421n

—— Sultan, Khan of Persia, _see_ Acomat

Ahwaz, province, i. 65n

Aidhab, ii. 439n

Aidhej, or Mal-Amir, i. 85n

Aijaruc, Kaidu’s daughter, ii. 463;

her strength and prowess, 463 _seqq._;

her name, 463

Aikah Nowin, Engineer in Chief of Chinghiz, ii. 168n

Ai-lao (afterwards Nan-chao), ancient name of the Shans, ii. 79n

_Aín Akbari_ (_Ayeen Akbery_), i. 65n, 99n, 101n, 103n, 409n, ii.

116n

Ajmir, ii. 426n

Akbar and Kúblái, a parallel, i. 349n

Ak Bulák salt mines, i. 154n

Akhaltziké (Western Georgia), i. 58n

Akhtuba River, i. 5n, 6n

Ak-khoja, ii. 470n

Aksarai, or Ghori River, i. 152n

Aksu River, i. 172n, 175n

Aktár, i. 96n

Áktásh Valley, i. 172n, 175n

_Alabastri_, ii. 432n

Alacou, _see_ Hulákú

_Aladja_, striped cotton cloth, i. 44n

Alamút, Castle of the Ismailites, i. 141n, 142n, 145n, 148n

Alan country, Alania, i. 57n, ii. 490, 491n

Alans, or Aas, massacre at Chang-chau of, ii. 178;

employed under Mongols, 179n

Alaone, the name, _56_

Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, i. 375, 378n;

at Kinsay, ii. 189

_Alatcha_, cotton stuff with blue and red stripes, i. 190n

Alau, _see_ Hulákú

Alá’uddin (Alaodin), _see_ Old Man of the Mountain

—— (Alawating of Mufali), an engineer in Kúblái’s service, ii. 167n

—— Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, i. 104n, ii. 163n, 169n, 333n, 398n, 400n

Albenigaras, Mt., ii. 362n

Al Biruni, i. 104n, 174n, ii. 400n

Albuquerque, _see_ D’Alboquerque.

Alchemy, Kúblái’s, i. 423

Aleppo, i. 23n

Alexander the Great, allusions to legends and romances about, _113_,

i. 14n, 129n–133n, ii. 322n, 485n;

his rampart (Iron Gate), i. 50, 53n, 56n, 57n;

the curtains at a banquet given by, 66n;

and the _ferrum candidum_, 93n;

site of his battle with Darius, 128, 138n;

his wife Roxana, 151;

kills a lion, 152n;

Princes claiming descent from (Zulcarniain), 157, 160n;

his horse Bucephalus, 158;

fixes chains on Adam’s Peak, ii. 322n;

said to have colonised Socotra, 409n;

his tower on the border of Darkness, 485n

Alexander III., Pope, i. 231n

Alexander IV., Pope, i. 8n

Alexandria, _9_, ii. 235;

trade from India to, 390, 438

_Alhinde_, _Alfinde_, _Alinde_, _Al-hint_, i. 93n

’Ali and Aliites, i. 140n–141n

Alidada, i. 452n

Alihaiya, Kúblái’s general, ii. 167n

Alinak, ii. 474n

Alligator, in Carajan, ii. 76, 81n;

mode of killing, 77;

eaten, 78, 81n;

prophecy of Bhartpúr about, 149n

Almalik, ii. 462n

Almanacs, Chinese (Tacuin), i. 447, 448n

Almonds, i. 153, 155n

Aloes, Socotrine, ii. 409n

—— wood, _see_ Lign-aloes

_Alor_, war cry, _43_

Al-Ramni, Al-Ramin, _see_ Sumatra

Altai (Altay) Mountains, i. 212, 215n;

the Khan’s burial-place, 246, 269;

used for the Khingan range, 247n, 306n

Altun-Khan, Mountain, i. 247n

—— sovereign, ii. 19n

Amazons, fable of, ii. 405n

Ambergris, ii. 308n, 406, 411, 423, 424n;

how got, 408n

_Amber-rosolli_, i. 114n

Amda Zion, king of Abyssinia, his wars _v._ Mahomedans, ii. 435n

_seqq._;

not the king mentioned by Polo, 436n

Ament, Rev. W. S., i. 361n, 421n, ii. 6, 11, 12

_Ameri_, a kind of Brazil wood, ii. 301n, 380n

Amhara, ii. 436n

Amien, Mien (Burma), ii. 98, 99n

Amita Buddha, i. 460n

Ammianus Marcellinus, ii. 180n

Amoy, ii. 231n, 232n;

harbour, ii. 240n, 241n;

languages, 244n

_Amphora_, _Anfora_, ii. 417n

Amu, Aniu, _see_ Anin

_Amuki_, devoted comrades of the king, ii. 347n

_Anamis_ (Minao) River, i. 114n

Ananda, Kúblái’s grandson, ii. 29n, 31n

Anár, i. 90n

Anaurahta, king of Burma, ii. 99n, 329n

Ancestor Worship, ii. 85, 96n

Anchors, Wooden, ii. 386, 388n

_Andaine_, _andena_, _andanicum_, _see_ Ondanique

Andaman (Angamanain) islands, ii. 306;

described, 307n, 309–312n;

people, 308n, 309, 311n;

form of the word, 310n

_Andan_, _andun_, Wotiak for steel, i. 94n

Andragiri, ii. 301n

Andreas, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n

Andrew, Bishop of Zayton, ii. 237n

—— Grand Duke of Rostof and Susdal, i. 7n

_Andromeda ovalifolia_, poisonous, i. 218n

Angamanain, _see_ Andaman

Angan, or Hanjám, i. 115n

_’Angka_, gryphon, _see_ Ruc

Angkor, ruins of, _13_

Ani in Armenia, i. 234n

Animal Patterns, _see_ Patterns

Anin, province, ii. 119, 120n, 121n, 123, 128n, 129n, 266n

Annals of the Indo-Chinese States, ii. 106n

’An-nam, or Tong-king, ii. 120n

Anselmo, Friar, i. 131n

_Anthropoides Virgo_, the demoiselle, i. 297n

Antioch, i. 24n

Antongil Bay, Madagascar, ii. 414n

Aotonomoff, Spasski, his ascent of Ararat, i. 49n

_Apostoille_, word used for Pope, i. 12n

Apples of Paradise (Konars), i. 97, 99n, ii. 365

Apricots, ii. 210n

_’Apuhota_ (Kapukada?), ii. 380n

Apushka (Apusca), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n

Arababni, ii. 436n

Arab geography, _132_

—— colonies in Madagascar, ii. 414n

—— horses, early literary recognition of, ii. 349n;

trade in, _see_ Horses

—— merchants, in Southern India, ii. 376

—— Seamen’s Traditions about Java, ii. 274n

Arabi (Arabs), i. 60

Arabia, ii. 438–451

Arabic character, i. 29n

_Arachosía, arachoti_, ii. 329n, 402n

_Araines_, ii. 461, 462n

Arakan, ii. 100n, 286n, 290n, 298n

Aram (Harám), Place of the, i. 139, 141n

Ararat, Mount, i. 46;

ascents of, 49n

Arblasts, crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n

Arbre Sol, or Arbre Sec, Region of the (Khorasan), _113_, i. 38n, 83,

127, 128n–139n, ii. 466, 474, 475;

tree described—_Chínár_ or Oriental plane, i. 127, 128n–138n;

various readings, 129n;

_Arbre seul_, a wrong reading, i. 129n, 138n;

Tree of the Sun legend, 129n–131n;

Christian legend of the Dry Tree, 131n;

engrafted on legends of Alexander, 132n;

Trees of Grace in Persia, 134n;

Dry Trees in Mahomedan legend, 135n;

in Rabbinical and Buddhist stories, and legends of the Wood of the

Cross, 135n–136n;

Polo’s _Arbre Sec_ to be sought near Damghan, 138n;

Sabaean apologue, 138n;

clue to the term _Arbre Sec_, 148n

Arcali, Arculin, _see_ Erculin

Architectural remains in Indo-China, _13_

Ardeshír Bábekán, first Sassanian king, i. 91n

Ardeshír, last sovereign of Shabánkára, i. 86n

Areca, ii. 309n, 374n

_Areng Saccharifera_, ii. 297n

Arezzo, i. 21n

Argaeus, Mount, i. 44n

Argali, ii. 483n

Arghún, Khan of Persia (Polo’s Argon, Lord of the Levant), _23–24_,

i. 14n, ii. 50, 466–467;

sends an embassy to Kúblái for a wife, i. 32, 33n;

is dead when she arrives, 35, 36n, 38n, 101n;

his unhappy use of the elixir vitae, ii. 369n;

advances against his uncle Ahmad, 467;

harangues his chiefs, 468;

sends Ahmad a remonstrance, 469;

is taken prisoner, 470;

released by certain chiefs, 471;

obtains sovereignty, 472;

his death, 474;

his beauty, 478n

Argons (Arghún), half-breeds, i. 101n, 284, 290n

Arii, Ariana, ii. 402n

Arikbuga, Kúblái’s brother, i. 334n

Arimaspia, ii. 419n

Arimaspian gold, ii. 419n

Ariora-Keshimur, i. 86n, 98, 104n;

meaning of _Ariora_, 104n

Ariosto, i. 17n

Aripo, ii. 335n, 337n

Aristotle, _130_, i. 87n, 130n, ii. 409n

Arjish (Arzizi), i. 45, 49n

Arkasun Noian, ii. 474n

_Arkhaiun_, applied to Oriental Christians or their Clergy, i. 290n

Armenia, Greater, i. 45, 98

Armenia (Hermenia), Lesser or Cilician, _10_, i. 16, 20, 22, 23n, 41

Armenian Christians, i. 290n

Armenians, i. 43, 45, 75

Armillary Zodiacal Sphere, i. 450n

Armour of boiled leather, _see_ Cuirbouly

Arms of Kerman, i. 90, 96n;

of the Tartars, i. 260, 263n, ii. 460

Arredon River, i. 54n

Arrow Divination, i. 243n

Arrows, Tartar, ii. 460

Artacki, i. 281n

Arts, the Seven, i. 13, 14n

Aru, Cumahā, ii. 303n

Arucki, i. 281n

Aruk, ii. 474n

Arulun Tsaghan Balghasun (Chagan-Nor), i. 297n, 306n

Arya Chakravarti, ii. 316n

Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism, i. 104n

Arzinga (Erzingan), i. 45, 46n

Arziron (Erzrum), i. 45, 48n

Arzizi (Arjísh), i. 45, 49n

Asbestos, and the Salamander, i. 212, 216n–217n

Asceticism of the Sensin, i. 303;

of the Jogis, ii. 365

Asedin Soldan (Ghaiassuddin Balban, Sultan of Delhi), i. 99, 104n,

105n

Ashar (Asciar), king of Cail, ii. 370, 373n

Ashishin, _see_ Assassins

Ashod, founder of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 53n

Ashurada, i. 59n

Asikan, Mongol general, ii. 260n

Asoka, ii. 328

_Asper_, or _akché_, about a groat, ii. 22, 23n

Assai River, i. 54n

Assassins (Ashishin, Hashíshin), Ismailites, i. 84n, 140;

how the Old Man trained them, 142;

murders by, 144n;

their destruction, 145;

survival and recent circumstances of the sect, 146n

Asses, in Persia, i. 83, 87n, 88, 89n, 123, 225n;

in Mongolia, 224, 225n, 397;

in Madagascar, ii. 413, 421n;

in Abyssinia, 431;

in Far North, 479, 481n

Asterius, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus, i. 66n

Astrakhan (Gittarchan), i. 5n, 6n

Astrolabe, i. 446

Astrology, -ers, in Tangut, i. 205;

of Chinghiz, 241;

at Kúblái’s Court, 301, 391;

at Cambaluc, 446;

of Tibet, ii. 49;

at Kinsay, 191, 203;

in Maabar, 344;

in Coilum, 376

Astronomical instruments, ancient Chinese, i. 378n, 449n–454n

Atabegs, of Mosul, i. 61n;

of Lúr, 85n;

of Fars, 85n, 121n;

of Yezd, 88;

of Kerman, 91n

Atjeh, _see_ Achin

Atkinson’s Narratives, and their credibility, i. 214n, 215n

Atlas, Chinese, in Magliabecchian Library, ii. 193n

Ἀτταγὰς (Black Partridge), i. 99

Attalus, King, i. 66n

At-Thaibi family, i. 121n

Auberoche, Siege of, ii. 163n, 165n

Audh (Oudh), ii. 427n

Aufat, Ifat, ii. 435n

Augury, _see_ Omens

Aung Khan (Unc Can), _see_ Prester John

Aurangzíb, i. 168n

Aurora, Ibn Fozlán’s account of, i. 8n

Aussa, ii. 435n

Ávah, Abah, Ava, one of the cities of the Magi, i. 80, 81n

Avarian, epithet of S. Thomas, ii. 353, 355n–356n

Avebury, Lord, on _couvade_, ii. 93n

Avicenna’s classification of Iron, i. 94n

_Avigi, ′afçi (falco montanus)_, i. 50, 57n

Axum, Inscription, ii. 432n;

Church of, 433n;

Court of, 434n

Ayas (Layas, Aiazzo, etc.), port of

Cilician Armenia, _19_, i. 16, 17n, 20, 22, 41;

Sea fight at, _43_, _46_, _54_

Ayuthia, _13_, ii. 278n, 279n

_Azumiti_, ii. 432n

Azure, Ultramarine (_lapis armenus_) Mines in Badakhshan, i. 157,

162n;

in Tenduc, 284;

ore, 365, 370n

Baba Buzurg, worshipped by the Lurs, i. 85n

Baber, E. C., on Ch’êng-tú, ii. 38n;

on wild oxen of Tibet, 52n;

Lolos, 61n–63n;

Gold River (Brius), 67n;

the word Caindu, 70n;

Talifu, 80n;

Mekong River 88n;

Zardandan, 89n;

site of battle between Kúblái and king of Mien, 105n;

descent of Mien, 108n

Baboons, etymology, ii. 385n, 431

Báb-ul-abwáh, “The Gate of Gates,” Pass of Derbend, i. 53n

Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), i. 22, 24n, ii. 226, 230n;

Sultan of, i. 22, ii. 439, 473

Babylonish garments, i. 66n

_Baccadeo_, indigo, ii. 382n

Baccanor, ii. 386n

Bacon, Roger, i. 94n, 426n;

as geographer, _114_, _131_

Bacsi, _see_ Bakhshi

Bactria, its relation to Greece, i. 160n

Bacu, Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n

Badakhshan (Badashan), i. 98, 104n, 154, 157;

its population, 155n, 160n;

capitals of, 156n;

Mirs of, 156n, 160n;

legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings, 157, 160n;

depopulation of, 156n, 163n;

scenery, 158n;

dialects, 160n;

forms of the name, 161n;

great river of (Upper Oxus), 170

Badáún, ii. 427n

Badger, Rev. Dr. G. P., i. 65n, ii. 444n

Badghís, i. 150n, ii. 467

_Badgír_, Wind-catchers, ii. 452, 453n

Badruddín Lúlú, last Atabeg of Mosul, i. 61n

_Báfk_ (Báft), i. 89n, 111n, 122n

Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alaü, Hulákú, i. 63;

its Khalif, 63, 64;

the miracle of the mountain, 69

—— Archbishop of, ii. 407

—— its indigo (_baccadeo_), ii. 382n

Bagratidae, of Armenia, i. 42n;

of Georgia, 52n

Bagration-Mukransky, Prince, i. 53n

Bahár, ii. 427n

Bahárak, plain, i. 156n

Bahá-uddin Ayaz, Wazir of Kalhát, i. 120n

Bahá-ul-hakh, the Saint of Multán, ii. 82n

Bahrámábád, i. 90n, 122n

Bahrámjird Village, i. 113n

Bahrein, ii. 348n

Baiberdon, i. 49n

Baiburt (Paipurth), Castle of, i. 48n, 49n

Baidu Khan, i. 14n, ii. 475n;

seizes throne of Persia, 476;

displaced and killed by Gházán, 476;

alleged to be a Christian, 476, 477n

Bailo, the title, i. 417;

etymology of, 421n

Bakhshi (Bacsi), Lamas, i. 414, 445;

their enchantments, 301, 302, 314n–318n;

various meanings of the word, 314n

Bakhtyáris of Lúristán, the, i. 87n

Baku, oil fields of, i. 46, 49n;

Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n

_Balad-ul-Falfal_ (Malabar), ii. 377n

_Baladi_, ii. 381n

_Balalaika_, a two-stringed Tartar instrument, i. 339n

_Balânjaríyah, devoted lieges_, ii. 347n

Bala-Sagun, i. 232n

Balas rubies, i. 157, 161n, ii. 362n

Baldac, _see_ Baghdad

_Baldacchini_ (_Baudekins_), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n

Baldwin II. (de Courtenay), last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, i.

2, 3n

Bali, Island of, ii. 287n

—— in Abyssinia, ii. 436n

_Balios_, i. 421n

_Balish_ (a money of account), ii. 218n

_Balista_, always a crossbow in mediæval times, ii. 161n

Balkh (Balc), i. 151

Balkhash Lake, ii. 459n

Ballads, Genoese, on sea-fights at Ayas and Curzola, _43_ _seqq._

Ballard, Mr., ii. 382n, 387n

Balor, Balaur, Bilaur, Malaur, Bolor, i. 172, 178n–179n

_Bâlos_, Malacca boats with two rudders, i. 119n

_Balsamodendron Mukul_, ii. 397n

Balthazar, of the Magi, i. 78, 82n

Bálti, i. 160n, 178n

_Balustrade_, etymology of the word, _38_

Bamboo (always called canes by Polo), its multifarious uses, i. 299,

307n;

Kúblái’s Chandu Palace made of, 299, 306n;

great, on banks of Caramoran river, ii. 220;

explode loudly when burning, 42, 43, 46n;

large in Tibet, 48n;

ropes of, 171, 174n;

in Che kiang, 221n

Bamian, caves at, i. 156n;

huge recumbent image at, 221n

_Bám-i-Duniah_, “Roof of the World,” i. 171, 174n

Bamm, i. 113n

Bandar Abbás (Bandar-Abbási), i. 86n, 89n, 106n, 122n

Bandith, i. 98, 100n, 151

Bangala, _see_ Bengal

Banzaroff, Dorji, on Shamanism, i. 258n

Baptism, accompanied by branding, in Abyssinia, ii. 427, 432n

Bara, ii. 305n

Barac (Borrak), Khan of Chagatai, i. 9, 10n, 103n;

his war with Arghún, ii. 458n, 467

Baradaeus, Jacob, or James Zanzale, Bishop of Edessa, i. 61n

Barbaro, Josafat, i. 49n, 53n, 100n, 426n, 427n

Barbarossa, Frederic, _36_, i. 82n

Barberino, Francesco da, _36_, _118_, i. 117n

_Barda’at_, saddle-cloths, i. 61n

Bardesir, i. 112n

Bardshír, Bardsír, Bard-i-Ardeshír, i. 92n

Bargu (Barguchin Tugrum, or Barguti), plain, i. 269, 270n

_Barguerlac, Syrrhaptes Pallasii_, a kind of sand grouse, i. 269,

272n;

its migration into England, 273n

Barguzinsk, i. 270n

Barin, Mongol tribe, ii. 148n

Bark, money made from, _108_, i. 423;

fine clothes from, ii. 124, 127n

Barka (Barca), Khan, ruler of Kipchak, i. 4, 5n, 103n, ii. 491;

his war with Hulákú, i. 4, ii. 494 _seqq._

Barkul, i. 345n

_Barkút, búrgút (bearcoote)_, eagle trained to the chase, i. 397,

399n

Barlaam and Josaphat, Story of Saints, from Legend of Buddha, ii.

323n _seqq._

Barley, huskless, i. 158, 162n

Baroch, ii. 367n

_Baron-tala_, name applied by Mongols to Tibet, i. 214n

Barons (Shieng or Sing), Kaan’s twelve, ii. 430

Barozzi, Nicolo, _30_, _70_

Barros, John de, i. 110n, 120n;

geography of, _3_

Barsauma (St. Barsamo), i. 77

Barskul (Barscol), “Leopard Lake,” i. 343, 345n

Bartizan, Kúblái’s wooden, i. 337, 339n

Barus, Barros (Sumatra), its camphor, ii. 302n–303n, 304n

_Barussae insulae_, ii. 310n

_Barygaza_, ii. 397n, 408n

Bashai (Pashai), i. 165n

Bashkirds (Hungarians), i. 57n, ii. 492n

Bashpah, Lama, and the Mongol character called after him, i. 28n,

353n, ii. 46n

Basma, _see_ Pasei

_Basmuls_ (Guasmuls), half-breeds, i. 284, 292n

Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves, i. 63, 65n

Bathang, ii. 45n, 48n, 56n, 67n, 70n

Baths, natural hot, near Hormuz i. 110–122n;

in Cathay, 442;

public at Kinsay, ii. 189, 198n

Batigala, Batticalla, ii. 426n, 443n

Batochina, ii. 302n

Bats, large, in India, ii. 345

Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism, ii. 288n, 298n

Batthála, Bettelar (Patlam in Ceylon), ii. 337n

Battles, Kúblái _v._ Nayan, i. 336;

Tartars _v._ king of Mien, ii. 101;

Caidu _v._ Khan’s forces, 461;

Borrak and Arghún, 467;

Arghún and Ahmad, 470n;

Hulákú and Barka, 496;

Toktai and Nogai, 499

Bátú, Khan of Kipchak, founder of Sarai, _11_, i. 5n, 6n, 245, 247n;

invades Russia, 490, 493n;

made by Polo into two kings—Sain and Patu, 491, 492n;

his character and cruelty, 492n

Baudas, _see_ Baghdad

_Baudekins_ (baldacchini), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n

_Bauduin de Sebourc_, _121_ _seqq._, ii. 141, 144, 189, 216

Bavaria, Duke Ernest of, a mediæval Romance, ii. 418n

Bawárij, corsairs, ii. 410n

Bayan Chingsian, Kúblái’s greatest Captain, i. 10n, 334n, 361n, ii.

138n, 208n, 462n;

prophecy connected with his name, 145, 150n;

his conquest of Manzi or South China, 146;

his history and character, 148n, 149n;

his exceptional cruelty at Chang-chau, 179, 180n

Bayan, Khagan of the Avars, ii. 148n

Bayan (Baian), Kúblái’s Master of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n

Bayan, son of Nasruddin, ii. 104n

Bayezid Ilderim, i. 45n

Bdellium, ii. 397n

Beads, Hindu, ii. 338, 347n

Bears, i. 396, 397, 401, ii. 31, 37, 42, 78, 382, 411, 431;

white in Far North, 479, 481n

Beast and bird patterns, _see_ Patterns

Beaten gold, i. 387, 388n

Beaujeu, William de, Master of the Temple, i. 25n

Beauty of—Georgians, i. 50, 53n;

Khorasan women, 128;

Kashmir women, 166;

Sinju women, 276;

_Argons_, or half-breeds, 284;

the Ungrat or Kungurat tribe, 357;

people of Coloman, ii. 122;

Kinsay women, 186;

Kaidu’s daughter, 463;

Arghún Khan, 478;

the Russians, 487

Beds, their arrangement in India, ii. 346, 352n

Beef, not eaten in Maabar, except by the Govi, ii. 341, 350n;

formerly eaten in India, 350n

Bejas of the Red Sea Coast, ii. 425, 432n, 434n

Belgutai, Chinghiz’s stepbrother, i. 334n

“Belic” for “Melic,” ii. 470n

Bell at Cambaluc, great, i. 375, 378n, 414

Bellál Rajas, ii. 367n

_Belledi, balladi_, ginger so called, ii. 381n;

Spanish use of the word, _ib._

Benares, brocades of, i. 66n

Bendocquedar, _see_ Bundúkdári, Bíbars

Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 179n

Bengal (Bangala), _12_;

king of Mien (Burma) and, ii. 98;

why Polo couples these, 99n;

relations between Burma and, 99n, 114;

claim asserted by king of Burma to, 100n;

alleged Mongol invasion of, 115n;

its distance from Caugigu, 120;

its currency, 123;

confused with Pegu by Polo, 128n, 131n

Beni Búya dynasty, i. 91n

Benjamin of Tudela, on Alexander’s Rampart, i. 54n;

on the Gryphon, ii. 418n

Benzoin, etymology of, ii. 286n, 396n

Berard, Thos., Master of the Temple, i. 23, 24n

Berbera, Sea of, ii. 415n

Berchet, G., _27_, ii. 507n

Bereké, Bátu Khan’s brother, i. 5n

Bernier, on Kashmir women’s beauty, i. 169n

_Berrie_, the Arabic Băríya, a desert, i. 237n

Bettelar, rendezvous of Pearl Fishers, ii. 331, 337n

_Beyamini_, wild oxen of Tibet, ii. 50, 52n

Bezant, i. 405, 424, 425, 426n, 427n, 444, ii. 41n, 186, 218n, 346n,

349n, 479;

value of, 592n

_Bhagavata_, ii. 346n

Bhamó, and River of, ii. 70n, 105n, 107n, 108n, 113n

Bhartpúr, prophecy about, ii. 149n

Bhattis, the, i. 104n

Bháwalpúr, i. 104n

“Bhim’s Baby,” colossal idol at Dhamnár caves, i. 221n

Bianco’s, Andrea, maps, i. 133n

Biar, ii. 305n

Bibars Bundúkdári, _see_ Bundúkdári

Bielo Osero, ii. 486n

_Bigoncio_, a firkin, i. 384n

Bilúchis, i. 101n;

their robber raids, 106n;

Lumri or Numri, 114n

Binh Thuan (Champa), ii. 268n

Binkin, ii. 230n

Bintang (Pentam), ii. 280, 284

Birch-bark vessels, i. 309n;

books, ii. 124, 127n

Bír-dhúl, or Bujardawal, cap. of Ma’bar, ii. 335n

Bird-hunts, i. 269, 272n

Birdwood, Sir G., ii. 396n, 446n, 449n

Birhōrs of Chuta Nagpúr, ii. 298n

Bir-Pandi, or Pira-Bandi, ii. 333n, 334n

Birthday, celebration of Kúblái’s, i. 387

Bishbalik (Urumtsi), i. 214n, 440n

Bishop, of Male Island, ii. 404;

story of an Abyssinian, 428

Bitter bread, i. 110, 122n

—— water, i. 110, 122n, 194

Blac, Blachia (Lac, Wallach), ii. 489n

_Black-bone_, Chinese name for Lolos, ii. 63n

Black Crane (Kará Togorü), i. 296, 297n

—— Saints, White Devils in India, ii. 355, 359n

—— Sea, M. Maurum _v._ Nigrum, i. 2, 3n, 57n

—— Sect of Tibet, i. 324n

Blacker, the more beautiful, ii. 355

Blaeuw, map, i. 102n

Blochmann, Professor H., i. 114n, ii. 116n

Block-books, supposed to have been introduced from China, _139_

Block-printing in Persia, i. 429n

Blood-sucking, Tartar, i. 261, 264n

_Blous, bloies_, i. 327n

Boar’s tusks, huge (Hipp.), ii. 413

_Boccassini_, i. 62n

Bode, Baron de, i. 85n

Bodhisatva Avalok., ii. 265n

Bodleian MS. of Polo, _18_, _92_, _94_;

list of miniatures in, ii. 528n

Boeach, mistake for Locac, and its supposed position, ii. 280n

Boemond, Prince of Antioch and Tripoli, letter of Bibar to, i. 24n

Boga (Bukā), a great Mongol officer, delivers Arghún, ii. 471, 472,

474n

Boghra Khan, i. 188n

Bohea country, ii. 222n, 224n

Bohra, sect of W. India, i. 148n

Boikoff, Russian Envoy, i. 218n

Bokhara (Bocara), i. 9, 10

Boleyn, Anne, her use of buckram, i. 47n

Bolgana, Queen, _see_ Bulughán

Bolgarskoye (called also Uspenskoye), i. 7n

_Bolghar_, _borgal_, _borghal_, Russia leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n

Bolghar (Bolgara), on the Volga, i. 4, 6n, ii. 481n, 486n, 493n;

ruins of, i. 7n;

court of, 384n

Bolivar, Padre, S. J., his account of the Condor (_Rukh_) of Africa,

ii. 420n, 597n

Bolor, i. 172, 178n, 179n

Bombay, ii. 396n, 449n

Bonaparte, Prince Roland, _Recueil des Documents de l’Époque

Mongole_, i. 14n, 28n

Bonga, ii. 96n

Bonheur, Rosa, i. 277n

Boniface VIII., Pope, _44_, _52_, _54_, i. 23n

Bonin, C. E., i. 203n, 249n, 276n, 282n, 286n

Bonocio di Mestro, _67_

Bonpos, old Tibetan Sect, i. 314n, 321n, 323n

Bonús, ebony, ii. 268, 272n

Bonvalot, i. 200n

Book of Marco Polo, its contents, _80_;

original language, French, _81_;

oldest Italian MS., _82_;

“Geographic Text,” in rude French, _83_ _seqq._;

various types of Text—(1) “Geographic,” _90_;

(2) Pauthier’s MSS., _92_;

(3) Pipino s Latin, _95_;

Preface to, ii. 525n;

Grynæus’ Latin, _95_;

Müller’s reprint, _96_;

(4) Ramusio’s Italian edition, its peculiarities, _96–101_;

probable truth about it, _99_;

bases of it, _100_;

MS. and some of its peculiarities, _101_;

general view of the relations of the texts, _101_;

notice of an old Irish version, 102;

geographical data, _109_;

how far influenced in form by Rustician, _112_;

perhaps in description of battles, _113_;

diffusion and number of MSS., _116_;

basis of present version, _141_ _seqq._;

specimens of different recensions of text, ii. 522n–524n;

distribution of MSS., 526n;

miniatures in, 527n, 529n;

list of MSS., 532n–552n;

Tabular view of the filiation of chief MSS., 552;

Bibliography, 553n–582n;

titles of works cited, 582n–590n;

Spanish edition, 598n

Bore in Hang-chau Estuary, ii. 208n

_Borgal_, _see_ _Bolghar_

Bormans, Stanislas, ii. 602n, 603n

Born, Bertram de, _44_

Borneo, camphor, _see_ Camphor

—— tailed men of, ii. 302n

Boro Bodor, Buddhist Monument, Java, _13_, ii. 275n

Borrak, Amir, Prince of Kerman (Kutlugh Sultan?), i. 91n

—— Khan of Chaghatai, _see_ Barac

Borús, the, ii. 310n

Bostam, i. 138n

_Boswellia thurifera_, ii. 396n, 446n, 448n;

_serrata_, 446n;

_Carterii_, 448n;

_Bhauda-jiana_, 448n;

_papyrifera_, 448n;

_Frereana_, 448n;

_glabra_, 396n

Bouqueran, _see_ Buckram

Bourne, F. S. A., ii. 60n, 131n

Boxwood forests in Georgia, i. 50, 57n

_Bozzí_, i. 212n

Bra, the word, _45_

Bracelets, in Anin, ii. 119

Bragadino, Marco, husband of Marco Polo’s daughter, Fantina, _76_

—— Pietro, _76_

Brahmanical thread, ii. 363

Brahmans (Abraiaman), fish-charmers to the pearl fishery, ii. 332,

337n;

their character and virtues, 363, 367n;

their king, 364;

their omens, 364, 368n, 369n;

longevity, 365;

_Chughi_, 365;

Palladian legend of, 405n

Brahma’s temple, Hang-chau, ii. 212n, 213n

Brahuis, i. 101n

Brakhimof, early capital of Bulgaria, i. 7n

Brambanan, ruins at, _13_

Bran (Tibetan _tsamba_), parched barley, i. 303, 321n

Brazil wood, in Locac, ii. 276, 279n;

in Sumatra, 299;

manner of growth, _ib._, 309n;

in Ceylon, 313, 315n;

in Coilum (_Coilumin_), 375, 380n;

different kinds, _ib._;

vicissitudes of the word, 380n;

its use prohibited by Painters’ Guild, 382n

Bread, bitter, i. 110, 122n

Brephung monastery, i. 319n

_Bretesche_, i. 339n

Bretschneider, Dr. Emil (_Medical Researches_), ruins of Bolghar,

i. 7n;

the Uíghúr character, 28n;

Caucasian Wall, 54n;

use of muslin in Samarkand, 62n;

on _nakh_ and _nachetti_, 65n;

Hulákú’s expedition to West Asia, 66n, 85n, 146n, 148n;

an extract from the _Yüan Si_, 115n;

Badakhshan, 161n;

Kashgar, 183n;

Shachau, 206n;

Kamul, 211n;

Chingintalas, 214n;

the _Stipa inebrians_, 219n;

the Utikien Uigúrs, 227n;

Erdenidso Monastery, 228n;

Belasagun, 232n;

death of Chinghiz, 248n;

_tung lo_ or _kumiz_, 259n;

Kúblái’s death, 334n;

Peking, 366n, 368n, 370n, 372n, 376n–378n, ii. 5n, 6n, 8n;

_verniques_, i. 384n;

clepsydra, 385n;

the Bularguchi, 408n;

Achmath’s biography, 421n;

paper-money, 430n;

post stations, 437n;

Chinese intoxicating drinks, 441n;

regulations for time of dearth, 444n;

Lu-Ku-K’iao Bridge, ii. 8n;

introduction of plants from Asia into China, 16n;

_morus alba_, 25n;

Tibet, 46n;

bamboo explosions, 46n;

the Si-fans, 60n;

Cara-jang and Chagan-jang, 73n;

Nasr-uddin, 104n;

the Alans, 180n;

rhubarb in Tangut, 183n;

Polo’s “large pears,” 210n;

on galangal, 229n;

on sugar, 230n;

on Zayton, 238n;

on wood-oil, 252n;

on ostrich, 437n;

on Si-la-ni, 316n;

on frankincense, 449n;

on Magyars, 492n;

on Mongol invasion of Poland and Silesia, 493n

Brichu (Brius, the Upper Kiang), ii. 67n

Bridges of Pulisanghin, ii. 3;

Sindafu (Ch’êngtu), 37;

Suchau, 181;

Kinsay, 185, 187, 194n, 201, 212;

Kien-ning fu, 225, 228n;

Fuchau, 233n, 234n;

Zayton, or Chinchau, 241n

Brine-wells, _see_ Salt

Brius River (Kin-sha Kiang, Gold River), ii. 36, 40n, 56, 67n

Brown, G. G., ii. 35n

—— Sir Thomas, ii. 420n, 424n;

on Polo, _115_

Bruce’s Abyssinian Chronology, ii. 435n _seqq._

Brunetto Latini’s Book, _Li Tresor_, _88_, _117_

Brunhilda, ii. 466n

Bruun, Professor Ph., of Odessa, i. 6n, 54n, 232n–235n

Bucephala, of Alexander, i. 105n

Bucephalus, breed of, i. 158, 162n

Buckrams, of Arzinga, i. 45;

described, 47n;

etymology, 48n;

at Mardin, 61, 62n;

in Tibet, ii. 45;

at Mutfili, 361, 363n;

Malabar, 389, 395, 398, 431

Buddha, _see_ Sakya Muni

Buddhism, Buddhists, _see_ Idolatry, Idolaters

Buddhist Decalogue, i. 170n

Buffaloes in Anin, ii. 119

Buffet and vessels of Kúblái’s table, i. 382, 384n

_Bugaei_, ii. 432n

Buka (Boga), a great Mongol chief, ii. 471, 472, 474n

Buka Bosha, 1st Mongolian Governor of Bokhara, i. 10n

Búkú Khan, of the Hoei-Hu, or Uighúrs, i. 227n

Bularguji (Bularguchi), “The Keeper of Lost Property,” i. 403, 407n

Bulgaria, Great, ii. 286n

Bulughán (Bolgana), Queen, _23_, i. 32, 33n, 38n, ii. 474n

—— another, ii. 475n

Bundúkdár, Amír Aláuddín Aidekín (“The Arblaster”), i. 24n

Bundúkdári, Malik Dáhir Ruknuddín Bíbars (Bendocquedar), Mameluke

Sultan of Egypt, i. 22, 23n–25n, 145n, ii. 424n, 433n, 436n, 494n;

killed by kumiz, 259n

Buraets, or Burgats, the, i. 258n, 283n

Búrkán Káldún, i. 247n

Burma (or Ava), King of, ii. 98, 99n.

(_See_ also Mien.)

Burnell, Arthur, ii. 335n, 359n, 386n

Burning the Dead, _see_ Cremation

—— heretical books, i. 321n

—— paper-money, etc., at funerals, i. 204, 208n, 267, 268n, ii. 191

—— Widows in South India, ii. 341, 349n

Burrough, Christopher, i. 9n

Burton, Captain R. F., ii. 597n

Bushell, Dr. S. W., his visit to Shang-tu, i. 26n, 304n, 305n, 412n;

on the Khitan Scripts, 28n;

Tangut rulers, 205n;

orders for post-horses, 353n

Butchers, in Kashmir, i. 167;

Tibet, 170n;

S. India, ii. 342

Butiflis (Mutfili), ii. 362n

Butler, _Hudibras_, ii. 92n

Buyid dynasty, i. 86n

Ca’ Polo, Ca’ Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at

Venice, _4_, _26_ _seqq._, _53_, _70_, _77_

Caaju, castle of, i. 244

Cabs, Peking, ii. 211n

Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu), ii. 127, 132

Cachanfu (P’uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu), ii. 22, 25n

Cachar Modun, i. 404, 408n

Cachilpatnam, ii. 387n

_Cadmia_, i. 126n

Caesalpinia, ii. 380n;

and _see_ Brazil

Caesarea of Cappadocia (Casaria, Kaisaríya), i. 43, 44n

Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?), ii. 17, 19n, 26n

Caidu, _see_ Kaidu

Caiju, on the Hwang-Ho, ii. 142

—— on the Kiang, Kwachau, ii. 171, 174

Cail (Káyal), ii. 370, 372n–373n;

a great port of Commerce, 370, 373n;

the king, _ib._;

identified, 372;

meaning of name, _ib._;

remains of, _ib._

Caindu (K’ien-ch’ang), a region of Eastern Tibet, ii. 53, 70n

Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing), ii. 184n, 185n

Cairo, ii. 439n;

museum at, 424n;

ventilators at, 452n.

(_See_ Babylon.)

Caiton, _see_ Zayton

Cala Ataperistan (Kala’ Atishparastán), “Castle of the Fire

Worshippers,” i. 78

Calachan (Kalaján), i. 281, 282n

Calaiate, Calatu, _see_ Kalhát

Calamanz, the word, ii. 272n

Calamina, city, ii. 357n

Caldwell, Rev. Dr. R., on devil-dancing among the Shanars, ii. 97n;

on name of Ceylon, 314n;

on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi, 333n;

on the Tower at Negapatam, 336n;

etymology of Chilaw, 337n;

on Pacauta, 346n;

Govis, 349n;

singular custom of arrest, 350n–351n;

rainy season, 351n;

food of horses, _ib._;

Shanar devil-images, 359n;

_choiach_, 368n;

Cail, or Kayál city, 372n, 373n;

_Kolkhoi_, 373n;

King Ashar of Cail, _ib._;

_Kollam_ 377n;

_Pinati_, 380n;

etymology of Sapong, _ib._;

Cape Comorin, 383n

Calendar, Ecclesiastical Buddhist, i. 220, 222n;

the Tartar, 447, 448n;

of Brahmans, ii. 368n–369n;

of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his family, 505n _seqq._

Calicut, ii. 380n, 381n, 388n, 391n, 440n;

King of, and his costume, 346n

Calif, _see_ Khalif

Caligine, Calizene (Khálij, a canal from Nile), ii. 439n

Camadi (City of Dakiánús), ruined, i. 97, 113n

Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, _12_, i. 38n,

ii. 3, 132, 213n, 320;

Kúblái’s return thither after defeating Nayan, i. 348;

the palace, 362;

the city, 374;

its size, walls, gates, and streets, the Bell Tower, etc.,

375n–378n;

period of khan’s stay there, 411;

its suburbs and hostelries, 412;

cemeteries, women, patrols, 414;

its traffic, 415;

the Emperor’s Mint, 423;

palace of the Twelve Barons, 431;

roads radiating from, 433;

astrologers of, 446

Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbáyat), kingdom of, ii. 394n, 397, 398n,

403n, 426n, 440n, 443n

Cambuscan, of Chaucer, corruption of Chinghiz, i. 247n

Camel-bird, _see_ Ostrich

Camels, mange treated with oil, i. 46;

camlets from wool of, 281, 284;

white, 281, 283n;

incensing, 309n;

alleged to be eaten in Madagascar, ii. 411;

really eaten in Magadoxo, 413n;

ridden in war, 423, 425n

Camexu, Kamichu, _see_ Campichu

Camlets (cammellotti), i. 281, 283n, 284

Camoens, ii. 266n

Camphor (_Laurus Camphora_) trees in Fo-kien, ii. 234, 237n

—— of Sumatra, ii. 287n;

Fansuri, 299, 302n;

earliest mention of, 302n;

superstitions regarding, 303n;

description of the tree, _Dryabalanops Camphora_, 303n–304n;

value attached by Chinese to, 304n;

recent prices of, _ib._;

its use with betel, 371, 374n

—— oil, ii. 304n

Campichu (Kanchau), city of, i. 219, 220n

Camul (Kamul), province, i. 209, 211n, 214n

_Camut_, fine shagreen leather, i. 394, 395n

Canal, Grand, of China, ii. 132, 139, 140, 141n, 143n, 152n, 154n,

209n, 222n;

construction of, 174, 175n

Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by, _34_, _37_

—— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by, _88_

Cananor, kingdom, ii. 388n

Cananore, ii. 386n, 387n

Canara, ii. 390n, 397n

Cancamum, ii. 397n

_Canela brava_, ii. 390n

Canes, Polo’s name for bamboos, _q.v._

Cannibalism, ii. 293, 294, 298n, 311n, 312n;

ascribed to Tibetans, Kashmiris, etc., i. 301, 312n, 313n;

to Hill-people in Fo-kien, ii. 225, 228n;

to islanders in Seas of China and India, 264;

in Sumatra, 284, 288n;

regulations of the Battas, 288n;

ascribed to Andaman islanders, 309, 311n

Cannibals, _i.e._ Caribs, ii. 311n, 405n

Canonical Hours, ii. 368–369n

Cansay, _see_ Kinsay

Canton, _3_, ii. 199n, 237n

Cape Comorin, _see_ Comari, Temple at, _76_

—— Corrientes (of Currents), ii. 415n, 417n, 426n

—— Delgado, ii. 424n

—— of Good Hope, ii. 417n

_Capidoglio_ (_Capdoille_), sperm-whale, ii. 414n

Cappadocian horses, i. 44n

Capus, G., i. 129n 162n

Caracoron (Kará Korum), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460, 462n

Carajan (Caraian, Karájang, or Yun-nan), province, _21_, ii. 64, 66,

67n, 72n, 76, 86

Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho), ii. 142, 143n, 144n, 151

Carans, or Scarans, i. 100n

Caraonas (Karaunahs), a robber tribe, i. 98, 101n, 121n

Carats, i. 359n

_Carbine_, etymology of, i. 101n

Cardinal’s Wit, i. 21n

Caribs, _i.e._ cannibals, ii. 311n, 405n

Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey), i. 43, 44n;

Persian, 66n;

Kerman, 96n

Carriages, at Kinsay, ii. 205, 206;

Chinese, 211n

Carrion, shot from engines, ii. 163n

_Carta Catalana_, Catalan Map of 1375, _134_, i. 57n, 59n, 82n, 161n,

ii. 221n, 243n, 286n, 362n, 386, 396n, 494n

_Carte_, _à la_, ii. 486n

Carts, Mongol, i. 254n

Casan, _see_ Gházán Khan

Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia), i. 43, 44n

Cascar (Kashgar), i. 180, 182n;

_Chaukans_ of, 193n

Casem, _see_ Kishm

Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about, _2_, _129_;

its numerous names, i. 52, 58n, 59n, ii. 494n

Cassay, _see_ Kinsay

Cassia, ii. 59n, 60n, 390n, 391n

—— buds, ii. 59n, 391n

—— fistula, ii. 398n

Castaldi, Panfilo, his alleged invention of movable types, _139–140_

Castambol, i. 45n

Castelli, P. Cristoforo di, i. 52n, 53n

Casvin (Kazvín), a kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 84n, 101n, 141n

Catalan Navy, _38–39_

Cathay (Northern China), _3_;

origin of name, _11_, _15_, i. 60, 76n, 285, 414, 418, 441, ii. 10,

127, 132, 135, 139, 140, 192, 391n, 457;

coal in, i. 442;

idols, ii. 263;

Cambaluc, the capital of, _see_ Cambaluc

Cathayans, _v_. Ahmad, i. 415 _et seqq._;

their wine, 441;

astrologers, 446;

religion, 456;

politeness, filial duty, gaol deliveries, gambling, 457

Catholics, ii. 407;

Catholicos, of Sis, i. 42n;

of the Nestorians, 61n, 62n

Cators (_chakors_), great partridges, i. 296, 297n

Cat’s Head Tablet, i. 356n

Cats in China, ii. 350n

Caucasian Wall, i. 53n, 54n

Caugigu, province, ii. 116, 120, 123, 128n, 131n

Caulking, of Chinese ships, ii. 250, 251n

Cauly, Kauli (Corea), i. 343, 345n

Causeway, south of the Yellow River, ii. 153n

Cauterising children’s heads, ii. 432n

Cave-houses, i. 154, 156n, ii. 150n

Cavo de Eli, ii. 386n

—— de Diab, ii. 417n

Cayu (Kao-yu), ii. 152

Celtic Church, ii. 370n

Census, of houses in Kinsay, ii. 192;

tickets, _ib._

Ceremonial of Mongol Court, _see_ Etiquette

Ceylon (Seilan), ii. 312–314;

circuit of, 310n;

etymology of, 314n;

customs of natives, 315;

mountain of Adam’s (_alias_ Sagamoni Borcan’s) Sepulchre, 316,

321n;

history of Buddha, 317;

origin of idolatry, 318 _seqq._;

subject to China, 392n

Ceylon, King of, his pearl-ponds, ii. 337n

Chachan (Charchan, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n

Chagatai (Sigatay), Kúblái’s uncle, son of Chinghiz, _10_, i. 10n,

14n, 98, 102n, 183, 186n, ii. 457, 458n, 459

Chaghán-Jáng, ii. 72n, 73n

Chaghan-Kuren, ii. 23n

Chaghan-Nor (“White Lake”), N.E. of Kamul, i. 214n

—— (Chaghan, or Tsaghan Balghasun), site of Kúblái’s palace, i. 296,

297n, 306n, 422n, ii. 14n

Chairs, silver, i. 351, 355n

_Chakor_ (_cator_), great partridges, i. 296, 297n

Chalcedony and jasper, i. 191, 193n

Chalukya Malla kings, ii. 336n

Champa (Chamba), kingdom of, ii. 266, 268n, 424, 426n, 596n;

Kúblái’s expedition _v._, 267;

the king and his wives, 268, 271n;

products, 268, 271n–272n;

locality, 269–270n;

invaded by king of Lukyn, 279n

Chandra Banu, ii. 315n

Chandu (Shangtu), city of peace of Kúblái, i. 25, 298, 304n, 410–411,

435

Changan, ii. 182, 184n

Chang-chau (Chinginju), ii. 178, 179n

—— in Fo-kien, ii. 233n, 238n;

Zayton(?), 238n;

Christian remains at, 240n–241n

Ch’ang Ch’un, _travels_, i. 62n

Changgan (Chang-ngan), ii. 27–29n

_Chang-kia-Kau_, the gate in the Great Wall, i. 56n

Chang K’ien, ii. 16n

Chang-shan (Chanshan), ii. 198n, 199n, 219, 221n, 222n, 224n

Ch’ang Te (the Chinese traveller), _Si Shi Ki_, i. 64n, 66n

Chang Te-hui, a Chinese teacher, i. 309n

Chang-y (Chenchu), i. 417–419, 422n

Chang Yao, Chinese general, i. 211n

_Cháo de Bux_ (_Cavo di Bussi_), boxwood, i. 57n

Chaohien, Sung Prince, ii. 150n

_Cháo-Khánahs_, bank-note offices in Persia, i. 429n

Cháo Naiman Sumé Khotan, or Shangtu, “city of the 108 temples,”

i. 304n

_Cháo_, paper-money, i. 426n, 429n

_Cháo_, title of Siamese and Shan Princes, ii. 73n

Chaotong, ii. 130n

Chapu, ii. 199n

Characters, written, four acquired by Marco Polo, i. 27;

one in Manzi, but divers spoken dialects, ii. 236

Charchan (Chachan of Johnson, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n

Charcoal, store in Peking, palace garden of, i. 370n

Charities, Kúblái’s, i. 439, 443, 444;

Buddhistic and Chinese, 446n;

at Kinsay, ii. 188, 198n

Charles VIII., of France, i. 398n

Chau dynasty, i. 347n

Chaucer, quoted, i. 3n, 5n, 17n, 161n, 247n, 386n, ii. 11n

_Chaukans_, temporary wives at Kashgar, i. 193

Chaul, ii. 367n

Cheapness in China, ii. 202

Cheetas, or hunting leopards, i. 397, 398n

Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, ii. 135n;

roads into Fo-kien from, 224n

Cheinan, Gulf of, ii. 266

Chenchau, or Iching hien, ii. 173n, 174n

Chenching (Cochin-China), ii. 268n–269n, 277n

Chenchu (Chang-y), conspires with Vanchu _v._ Ahmad, i. 417–419, 422n

Ch’eng-ting fu, ii. 13, 14n

Ch’êng-Tsu (Yung-lo), Emperor, ii. 392n

Ch’êng-tu (Sze-ch’wan), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n

Ch’êngtu-fu (Sindafu), ii. 36, 37n

Cheu, the Seven, ii. 277n

Chibai and Chiban, ii. 459, 462n

Chichiklik Pass, i. 172n, 175n

Chien-ch’ang (Caindu), ii. 70n.

(_See_ K’ien ch’ang.)

Chihli, plain of, ii. 14n

Chilaw, ii. 337n

Chiliánwála, battlefield of, i. 105n

Chilu-ku, last Karakhitai king, ii. 20n

Chin, Sea of, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n

China, _134_;

_Imperial Maritime Customs Returns for 1900_, ii. 173n;

Dominicans in, 240n;

paved roads in, 189, 198n;

relations with Korea and Japan, 262n;

the name, 265n;

king of Malacca at Court of, 282n;

trade from Arabia to, 348n;

from Sofala in Africa, 400n.

(_See_ also Cathay and Manzi.)

Chinangli (T’sinan-fu), ii. 133, 135, 137n

_Chínár_, Oriental planes, i. 128n, 138n

Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, _see_ Zayton

Chinese, Polo ignorant of the languages, _110_, i. 29n;

epigrams, 170n;

funeral and mourning customs, 207n, ii. 191;

feeling towards Kúblái, i. 421n;

religion and irreligion, 456, 458n;

their politeness and filial piety, 457, 462n;

gambling, 457;

character for integrity, ii. 204, 210n;

written character and varieties of dialect, 236;

ships, 249 _seqq._;

pagodas at Negapatam and elsewhere, 336n;

coins found in Southern India, 337n;

pottery, 372n–373n;

trade and intercourse with Southern India, 373n, 378n, 386, 390,

392n

Chinghian-fu (Chinkiang-fu), ii. 175, 176, 177n

Chinghiz Khan, _10_, _11_, i. 5n, 10n, 12n, ii. 458n, 479, 481n;

reported to be a Christian, i. 14n;

Aung Khan’s saying of, 27n;

his use of Uíghúr character, 28n;

Erzrum taken by, 49n;

harries Balkh, 151n;

captures Talikan, 154n;

ravages Badakhshan, 163n;

his respect for Christians, 186n, 242n, 243n;

subjugates Kutchluk Khân, 189n;

his campaigns in Tangut, 206n, 218n, 225n, 281n;

Rubruquis’ account of, 237n, 239n;

made king of the Tartars, 238;

his system of conquests, 238;

and Prester John, 239–241;

divining by twigs—presage of victory, 241;

defeats and slays Prester John, 244;

his death and burial-place, 244, 245n, 249n;

his aim at conquest of the world, 245n;

his funeral, 250n;

his army, 262, 265n;

defeats the Merkits, 270n;

relations between Prester John’s and his families, 284, 288n;

the Horiad tribe, 300, 308n;

his prophecy about Kúblái, 331n;

rewards his captains, 351n;

captures Peking, ii. 8n;

defeats and slays Taiyang Khan, 20n;

his alleged invasion of Tibet, 46n;

his mechanical artillery, 168n;

his cruelty, 181n;

Table of Genealogy of his House, 505n

Chinghiz Tora, ii. 481n

Ching-hoang tower at Hangchau-fu, ii. 214n

Chinginju (Chang-chau), ii. 178

Chingintalas, province, i. 212;

its identification, 214n, 215n

Chingkim, Chinkin, Chimkin, Kúblái’s favourite son and heir-apparent,

i. 38n, 359, 360n, 418, 422n;

his palace, 366, 372n

Chingsang, Ching-siang (Chinisan), title of a Chief Minister of

State, i. 432n, ii. 145, 148n, 150n, 218n

Chingting-fu (Acbaluc), ii. 13, 14n

Chingtsu, or Yung-lo, Emperor, ii. 392n

_Chíní_, coarse sugar, ii. 230n

Chinju (Tinju), ii. 153, 154n

_Chin-tan_, or _Chínasthána_, Chinese etymology of, ii. 119n

Chinuchi, Cunichi, Kúblái’s Masters of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n

Chipangu (Japan), ii. 253, 256n;

account of Kúblái’s expedition _v._, 255, 258;

its disasters, 255–256;

history of expedition, 260n _seqq._;

relations with China and Korea, 262n

Chitral, i. 154n, 160n, 165n, 166n

_Chloroxylon Dupada_, ii. 397n

Cho-chau (Juju), ii. 10, 11n, 131n

_Choiach_, the term, ii. 364, 368n

Chola, or Sola-desam (Soli, Tanjore), ii. 335n, 336n, 364, 368n

Chonka (Fo-kien), kingdom of, ii. 231, 232n, 236;

explanation of name, 232n

Chonkwé, ii. 232n

Chorcha, _see_ Churchin

Christian, astrologers, i. 241, 446;

churches in China, early, ii. 27n;

inscription of Singanfu, 28n;

Alans in the Mongol service, ii. 178, 179n

Christianity, attributed to Chinghizide princes, i. 14n, ii. 476,

477n;

Kúblái’s views on, i. 344n

—— former, of Socotra, ii. 410n

Christians, of the Greek rite, Georgians, i. 50;

and Russians, ii. 486;

Jacobite and Nestorian, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n;

among the Kurds, 60, 62n;

and the Khalif of Baghdad—the miracle of the mountain and the

one-eyed cobbler, 68–73;

Kashgar, 182, 183n;

in Samarkand, 183, 186n;

the miracle of the stone removed, 185;

Yarkand, 187;

Tangut, 203, 207n;

Chingintalas, 212;

Suh-chau, 217;

Kan-chau, 219;

in Chinghiz’s camp, 241;

Erguiul and Sinju, 274;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 285;

Nayan and the Khan’s decision, 339, 344;

at Kúblái’s Court, 388;

in Yun-nan, ii. 66, 74n;

Cacanfu, 132;

Yang-chau, 154n;

churches at Chin-kiang fu, 177;

at Kinsay, 192;

St. Thomas’, 353–354;

Coilum, 375;

Male and Female Islands, 404;

Socotra, 406;

Abyssinia and fire baptism, 427, 432n;

of the Girdle, 432n;

in Lac (Wallachia), 487

_Chrocho_, the Rukh (_q.v._), ii. 415n _seqq._

Chronology and chronological data discussed, first journey of the

Polos, i. 3n;

war between Barka and Hulákú, 8n;

Polos’ stay at Bokhara, 10n;

their departure and their second journey from Acre, 23n;

their return voyage and arrival in Persia, 38n;

story of Nigudar, 103n;

Hormuz princes, 120n;

destruction of Ismailites, 146n;

history of Chinghiz, 239n, 242n, 247n;

Kúblái’s birth and accession, 334n;

Nayan’ rebellion, 334n, 346n;

Polo’s visit to Yun-nan, ii. 81n;

battle with the king of Mien, 104n;

wars between China and Burma, 104n–106n, 111n, 114n;

value of Indo-Chinese, 106n;

conquest of S. China, 148n, 149n;

capture of Siang-yang, 167n;

Kúblái’s dealings with Japan, 260n–261n;

with Champa, 270n;

Marco’s visit to Japan, 271n;

Kúblái’s Java expedition, 275n;

review of the Malay, 282n;

events in Ma’bar, 333n;

King Gondophares, 357n;

cessation of Chinese navigation to India, 391n;

Abyssinia, 434n _seqq._;

Kaidu’s wars, 462n, 467n;

Mongol revolutions in Persia, notes from, 470n–475n;

wars of Toktai and Noghai, 497.

(_See_ also _Dates_.)

Chrysostom, i. 81n

Chuchu, in Kiang-si, ii. 224n, 229n

Chughis, _see_ Jogis

Chung-Kiang, ii. 40n

Chungkwé, “Middle Kingdom,” ii. 232n

Chung-tu, or Yen-King (Peking, _see_ Cambaluc)

_Ch’ura_, i. 265n

Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, i. 182;

Samarkand, 185;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 287n;

early, in China, ii. 27n;

Yang-chau, 154n;

Chin-kiang fu, 177;

Kinsay, 192;

Zayton, 238n, 240n;

St. Thomas’s, 354–355, 356n;

Coilum, 377n;

Socotra, 409n–410n

Churchin, or Niuché, Churché, Chorcha (the Manchu Country), i. 231n,

343, 344n

Cielstan, Suolstan (Shúlistán), i. 83, 85n

Cinnamon, Tibet, ii. 49, 52n;

Caindu, 56, 59n;

Ceylon, 315n;

story in Herodotus of, 363n; Malabar, 389, 390n

Circumcision of Socotrans, ii. 409n;

forcible, of a bishop, 429;

of Abyssinians, 432n

Cirophanes, or Syrophenes, story of, ii. 328n

Civet, of Sumatra, ii. 295n

Clement IV., Pope, i. 17, 18n, 21n

_Clepsydra_, i. 378n, 385n, ii. 214

Cloves, ii. 272, 306;

in Caindu, 56, 59n

Coal (Polo’s blackstone), i. 442;

in Scotland in Middle Ages, 443n;

in Kinsay, ii. 216

Cobbler, the one-eyed, and the miracle of the mountain, i. 70

Cobinan (Koh-Banán), i. 125

Cocachin (Kúkáchin), the Lady, _23–24_, i. 32, 33n, 36, 38n

Cochin-China, the mediæval Champa (_q.v._)

Coco-nut (Indian nut), i. 108, ii. 293, 306, 308n, 309n, 354, 389

Coco Islands, of Hiuen T’sang, ii. 307n

Cocos Islands, ii. 309n

Cœur de Lion, his mangonels, ii. 165n, 166n

Coffins, Chinese, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n

Cogachin (Hukaji), Kúblái’s son, King of Carajan, i. 361n, ii. 76

Cogatai, i. 419

Cogatal, a Tartar envoy to the Pope, i. 13, 15

Coiganju (Hwaingan-fu), ii. 142, 148, 151

Coilum (Kollam, Kaulam, Quilon), kingdom of, ii. 375, 382n, 403n,

413n, 426n, 440n;

identity of meaning of name, 377n;

Church of St. George at, 377n;

modern state of, 377n;

Kúblái’s intercourse with, 378n

Coilumin, _columbino_, _colomní_, so-called Brazil-wood, ii. 375;

ginger, 375, 381n

Coins of Cilician Armenia, i. 42n;

of Mosul, 61n;

Agathocles and Pantaleon, 163n;

Seljukian with Lion and Sun, 352n;

found at Siang-Yang, ii. 169n;

King Gondophares, 357n;

Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulae, 477n

Coja (Koja), Tartar envoy from Persia to the Khan, i. 32–33n, 38n

Cold, intense, in Kerman, i. 91, 111n, 113n;

in Russia, ii. 487

“Cold Mountains,” i. 114n

Coleridge, verses on Kúblái’s Paradise, i. 305n

Coloman, province, ii. 122, 128n–131n

_Colombino_, _see_ Coilumin

Colon, _see_ Coilum

Colossal Buddhas, recumbent, i. 219, 221n

Columbum, _see_ Coilum

Columbus, Polo paralleled with, _3_;

remarks on, _105–106_

Comania, Comanians, i. 50, ii. 382, 383n, 490, 491n

Comari, Comori (Cape Comorin, Travancore), ii. 333n, 382, 384, 385,

403n, 426n;

temple at, 383n

Combermere, Lord, prophecy applied to, ii. 149n

_Comercque_, Khan’s custom-house, ii. 37, 41n

Compartments, in hulls of ships, ii. 249, 251n

Compass, Mariner’s, _138_

Competitive Examinations in beauty, i. 359n

Conchi, King of the North, ii. 479

Concubines, how the Khan selects, i. 357

Condor, its habits, ii. 417n;

Temple’s account of, 417n;

Padre Bolivar’s of the African, 420n

Condur and Sondur, ii. 276, 277n

_Condux_, sable or beaver, i. 410n

Conia, Coyne (Iconium), i. 43

Conjeveram, ii. 334n

Conjurers, the Kashmirian, i. 166, 168n;

weather-, 98, 105n, 166, 168n, 301, 309n–311n;

Lamas’ ex-feats, 315n–318n.

(_See_ also Sorcerers.)

Conosalmi (Kamasal), i. 99, 106n

Constantinople, i. 2, 19n, 36, ii. 165n, 487;

Straits of, 488, 490

Convents, _see_ Monasteries

Cookery, Tartar horse-, i. 264n

Cooper, T. T., traveller on Tibetan frontier, ii. 45n, 48n, 52n, 59n,

67n

Copper, token currency of Mahomed Tughlak, i. 429n;

imported to Malabar, ii. 390;

to Cambay, 398

Coral, valued in Kashmir, Tibet, etc., i. 167, 170n, ii. 49, 52n

Corea (Kauli), i. 343, 345n

Corn, Emperor’s store and distribution of, i. 443

Coromandel (Maabar), _see_ Mabar

Corsairs, _see_ Pirates

Corte del Milione, _see_ Ca’ Polo

—— Sabbionera at Venice, _27_ _seqq._

Cosmography, mediæval, _130_

_Costus_, ii. 397n

Cotan, _see_ Khotan

Cotton, stuffs of, i. 44n, 45, 47n, 48n, 60, ii. 225, 228n, 361,

363n, 395, 398, 431;

at Merdin, i. 60;

in Persia, 84;

at Kashgar, 181;

Yarkand, 187;

Khotan, 188, 190n;

Pein, 191;

Bengal, ii. 115;

bushes of gigantic size, 393, 394n

Counts in Vokhan, i. 171, 173n;

at Dofar, ii. 444

Courts of Justice, at Kinsay, ii. 203

_Couvade_, custom of, ii. 85, 91n–95n, 596n

Cow-dung, its use in Maabar, ii. 341, 365

Cowell, Professor, i. 105n

Cowries (porcelain shells, pig shells), used for money, etc., ii. 66,

74n, 76, 123;

procured from Locac, 276, 279n

_Cralantur_, its meaning(?), i. 71n

Cramoisy (quermesis), i. 44n, 63, 65n

Cranes, five kinds of, i. 296, 297n

Crawford, John, ii. 277n

Cremation, i. 204, 208n, ii. 122, 132, 134n, 135, 140, 141, 151, 152,

191, 218, 221n;

in Middle Ages, ii. 133n

Cremesor, Hot Region (Garmsir), i. 75, 99n, 112n, 114n

Çrībhõja (Çribhôdja), country, ii. 283n

Crocodiles, _see_ Alligators

Cross, legend of the Tree of the, i. 135;

gibes against, on Nayan’s defeat, 343;

on monument at Singanfu, ii. 27n

Crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n

Cruelties, Tartar, i. 151n, 265n, 266n, ii. 180n

_Crusca MS._ of Polo, _82_, i. 18n, 38n, 85n, 297n, 358n, 384n,

ii. 34n, 72n

Cubeb pepper, ii. 272, 391n

Cubits, astronomical altitude estimated by, ii. 382, 389, 392

Cublay, _see_ Kúblái

Cucintana, ii. 396n

Cudgel, Tartars’ use of, i. 266, 267n, 414

Cuiju (Kwei-chau), province, ii. 124, 127n

Cuinet, Vital, on Turkman villages, i. 44n;

on Mosul Kurds, 62n

Cuirbouly, i. 260, 263n, ii. 78, 82n

Cuju, ii. 219, 221n, 224n

Cuncun (Han-Chung) province, ii. 31, 32n

Cunningham, General A., i. 12n, 104, 156n, 173n, 178n, 283n, 290n,

ii. 357n

Cups, flying, i. 301, 314n, 349n

Curds and Curdistan, i. 9n, 60, 62n, 83n, 84n, 85n, 102n, 143n, 145n

Currency, copper token, in India, i. 429n;

salt, ii. 45, 54, 57n;

leather, i. 429n;

Cowrie, _see_ Cowries

Currency, paper, in China, i. 423, 426n;

attempt to institute in Persia, 428n;

alluded to, ii. 124, 127, 132, 135, 138, 140, 141, 152, 154, 170,

174, 176, 178, 181, 187, 218

Current, strong south along East Coast of Africa, ii. 412, 415n

Currents, Cape of, or Corrientes, ii. 415n, 417n, 426n

Curtains, Persian, i. 66n

Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, _6_, _45_ _seqq._;

Polo’s galley at, _49_;

map of, _50_

Curzon, Lord, i. 64n, 84n, 86n, 128n;

list of Pamirs, ii. 594n

—— Hon. R., on invention of printing, _138_, _139_

Customs, Custom-houses, ii. 37, 41n, 170, 204, 215, 216

Cutch pirates, ii. 410n

Cuxstac, Kuhestec, i. 110n

Cuy Khan (Kuyuk), i. 14n, 245, 247n

Cycle, Chinese, i. 447, 454n

_Cynocephali_, the, ii. 228n, 309, 311n

Cypresses, sacred, of the Magians, i. 131n

Cyprus, i. 65n

Cyrus, his use of camels in battle near Sardis, ii. 104n

Dabul, ii. 443n

_Dadian_, title of Georgian kings, i. 53n

Da Gama, ii. 386n, 391n

Dagroian, kingdom of, in Sumatra, ii. 293;

probable position of, 297n

Dailiu (Tali), ii. 81n

Daïtu, Taidu, Tatu (Peking), Kúblái’s new city of Cambaluc, i. 305n,

306n, 374, 375n

Dakiánús, city of (Camadi), i. 113n

_Dalada_, tooth relique of Buddha, ii. 329n–330n

Dalai Lama, with four hands, ii. 265n

D’Alboquerque, ii. 281n, 382n, 409n, 451n

Dalivar, Dilivar, Diláwar (Lahore), a province of India, i. 99, 104n,

105n

Dalmian, ii. 297n

Damas, i. 65n

Damascus, i. 23n, 143;

siege of, ii. 166n

Damasks, with _cheetas_ in them, i. 398n;

with giraffes, ii. 424n.

(_See_ also Patterns.)

Damghan, i. 138n, 148n

Dancing dervishes, ii. 97n

Dancing girls, in Hindu temples, ii. 345, 351n

Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet at Curzola, _6_, _46_;

his captivity and suicide, _48_;

funeral at Venice, _50_

D’Anghieria, Pietro Martire, _36_, _120_

Dantapura, ii. 329n

Dante, number of MSS., _117_;

does not allude to Polo, _118_;

_Convito_, i. 14n

D’Anville’s Map, i. 25n, 88n, 155n, 224n, 228n, 297n, 408n, ii. 69n,

72n, 141n

Darábjird, i. 86n

Darah, ii. 436n

Dárápúr, i. 104n, 105n

_Dardas_, stuff embroidered in gold, i. 65n

Dariel, Pass of (Gate of the Alans), i. 53n, 54n

Darius, i. 128, 138n, 151, 157;

the Golden King, ii. 17

Dark Ocean of the South, ii. 417n

Darkness, magical, i. 98, 105n, 166

—— land of, ii. 484, 485n;

how the Tartars find their way out, 484;

the people and their peltry, 484;

Alexander’s legendary entrance into, 485;

Dumb trade of, 486n

_Darráj_, black partridge, its peculiar call, i. 99n

Darúná, salt mines, i. 154n

Darwáz, i. 160n

Dasht, or Plain, of Bahárak, i. 156n

Dashtáb, hot springs, i. 122n

Dasht-i-Lut (Desert of Lút), i. 124n, 127, 128n

Dashtistan tribe and district, i. 86n

Dates (chronology) in Polo’s book, generally erroneous, i. 2, 17, 36,

63, 145, 238, 332, ii. 98, 114, 145, 177, 259, 267, 268, 319,

354, 428, 459, 464, 474, 494

—— (trees or fruit), Basra, 63, 65n;

Báfk, 88, 89n;

Reobarles, province, 97, 111n;

Formosa Plain, 107;

Hormos, 109, 116n;

wine of, 107, 115n;

diet of fish, etc., 107, 116n, ii. 450

Daughters of Marco Polo, _69_, _71_, _73_, _76_, ii. 506n

D’Avezac, M., i. 23n, 48n, 66n, 231n, 271n

David, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n

David, king of Georgia (Dawith), i. 50, 53n

Davids, Professor T. W. Rhys, _Buddhist Birth Stories_, ii. 326n

Davis, Sir John F., ii. 139n, 142n, 152n, 173n, 175n, 176n, 182n

Dawaro, ii. 435n, 436n

Daya, ii. 300n, 305n

Dead, disposal of the, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n;

at Cambaluc, 414;

in Coloman, ii. 122;

in China, 133n;

in Dagroian, 293;

by the Battas, 298n

—— burning of the, _see_ Cremation;

eating the, _see_ Cannibalism

De Barros, ii. 239n, 283n, 287n, 300n, 410n;

on Java, 274n;

Singhapura, 281n;

Janifs, 286n

Debt, singular arrest for, ii. 343, 350n

_Decima_, or Tithe on bequest, _71_

Decimal organisation of Tartar armies, i. 261, 264n

Decius, Emperor, i. 113n

Degháns, Dehgáns, i. 152n

Dehánah, village, i. 152n

Deh Bakri, i. 111n, 112n

De la Croix, Pétis, i. 9n, 155n, 183n, 239n, 243n, 281n, 410n

Delhi, Sultans of, _12_, ii, 426n

D’Ely, Mount, _see_ Eli

Demoiselle Crane, _anthropoides virgo_, i. 297n

Deogir, ii. 426n

Derbend, Wall of, i. 53n, ii. 495.

(_See_ also Iron Gate of.)

Deserts, haunted, i. 197, 201n, 274

Deserts of Kerman or of Lút, i. 123, 124n;

of Khorasan, 149;

of Charchan, 194;

Lop (Gobi), 196, 197, 198n–203n, 210, 212, 214n, 223;

Karakorum, 224, 226, 237n

Desgodins, Abbé, ii. 57n

Despina Khatun, ii. 477n

Devadási, ii. 351n

Devapattan, ii. 400n

Devéria, G., i. 29n, 225n, 291n, ii. 60n, 63n, 70n, 89n, 108n, 122n,

124n

Devil-dancing, i. 315n, ii. 86, 97n

Devil trees, i. 136n

Devils, White, ii. 355, 359n

D’Evreux, Father Yves, ii. 94n

Dhafar (Dofar, Thafar), ii. 340, 348n, 444;

its incense, 445;

two places of the name, 445n–446n

_Dhárani_, mystic charms, i. 315

Dhúlkarnain (Alex.), _see_ Zulkarnain

Dialects, Chinese, ii. 236, 243n–244n

Diamonds in India, how found, ii. 360–361;

mines of, 362n;

diffusion of legend about, _ib._

“Diex Terrien,” i. 141n

Diláwar, Polo’s Dihar, i. 104n

Dimitri II., Thawdadebuli, king of Georgia, i. 53n

Dínár, _see_ Bezant

Dinár of Red Gold, ii. 348n, 349n

Dinh Tiên-hwàng, king of An-nam, i. 264n

Diocletian, i. 14n

_Dioscorides insula_, ii. 408n

Dir, chief town of Panjkora, i. 104n, 164n, 165n

Dirakht-i-Fazl, i. 135n, 138n

Dirakht-i-Kush, i. 135n

Diráwal, ancient capital of the Bhattis, i. 104n

Dirhem-Kub, Shah Mahomed, founder of Hormuz dynasty, i. 115n, 121n

Dish of Sakya or of Adam, ii. 328n, 330n

Diu City, ii. 392n

Diul-Sind, Lower Sind, i. 86n

Divination by twigs or arrows, i. 241, 242n

Dixan, branding with cross at, ii. 433n

Dizabulus, pavilion of, i. 384n

Dizfúl River, i. 85n

Djao (Chao) Namian Sumé (Kaipingfu), i. 25n

Djaya, turquoises, ii. 56n

Doctors at Kinsay, ii. 203

Dofar, _see_ Dhafar

Dogana, i. 151; conjectures as to, 152n, 156n

Doghábah River, i. 152n

Dog-headed races, ii. 309, 311n

Dogs, the Khan’s mastiffs, i. 400;

of Tibet, ii. 45, 49, 52n;

fierce in Cuiju, 126

Dog-sledging in Far North, ii. 480, 481n, 482;

notes on dogs, 483n

Dolfino, Ranuzzo, husband of Polo’s daughter, Moreta, _76_

Dolonnúr, i. 26n

Dominicans, sent with Polos but turn back, i. 22, 23

_D’or plain_, the expression, i. 269n

Doráh Pass, i. 165n

Doria, family at Meloria, _56_

—— Lampa, _6_;

Admiral of Genoese Fleet sent to Adriatic, _45_;

his victory, _48_;

his tomb and descendants, _51_;

at Meloria with six sons, _56_

—— Octaviano, death of, _48_

—— Tedisio, exploring voyage of, _51_

Dorjé, i. 360n

D’Orléans, Prince Henri, i. 200n, 277n

Douglas, Rev. Dr. C., ii. 232n, 237n, 240n, 241n, 244n

Doyley, Sir Fulke, ii. 166n

Dragoian (Ta-hua-Mien), ii. 297n, 306n

_Draps entaillez_, i. 392

Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women, i. 160, 163n

Dreams, notable, i. 305n

Drums, sound of in certain sandy districts, 197, 202n

_Dryabalanops Camphora_, ii. 303n

Dua Khan, i. 121n, ii. 459n, 462n

Du Bose, Rev. H. C., ii. 182n–184n

Ducat, or sequin, i. 426n, ii. 591n

Dudley, _Arcano del Mare_, ii. 266n

Duel, mode in S. India of, ii. 371

Dufour, on mediæval artillery, ii. 161n, 163n

Duhalde, Plan of Ki-chau, ii. 26n;

or T’si-ning chau, ii. 139n

Duḳuz Khatun, i. 288n

Dulcarnon (Zulkarnain), i. 161n

Dulites, ii. 432n

Dumas, Alexander, i. 53n

Dumb trade, ii. 486n

Duncan, Rev. Moir, ii. 28n

_Dungen_ (_Tungăni_), or converts, i. 291n

Duplicates in geography, ii. 409n

_Dupu_, ii. 397n

Dürer’s Map of Venice, so-called, _29_, _30_

Durga Temple, ii. 383n

Dursamand, ii. 427n

_Dúsháb_, sweet liquor or syrup, i. 87n

Dust-storms, i. 105n

Duties, on Great Kiang, ii. 170;

on goods at Kinsay and Zayton, 189, 215, 216, 235;

on horses, 438;

at Hormuz, 450.

(_See_ also Customs.)

Dutthagamini, king of Ceylon, i. 169n

Dwara Samudra, ii. 294n, 367n, 427n

Dzegun-tala, name applied to Mongolia, i. 214n

Dzungaria, i. 214n

Eagle mark on shoulder of Georgian kings, i. 50

Eagles, trained to kill large game, i. 397, 399n

—— white, in the Diamond Country, ii. 360–361

Eagle-wood, origin of the name, ii. 271n.

(_See_ Lign-aloes.)

Earth honoured, ii. 341

East, its state, _circa_ 1260, _8_ _et seqq._

Ebony (bonus), ii. 268, 272n

Edkins, Rev., ii. 199n

Edward I., _59_, _62_, _63_, i. 21n, ii. 593n

Edward II., correspondence with Tartar princes, i. 36n, ii. 477n

Effeminacy, in Chinese palaces, ii. 17, 20n, 145, 207, 208

Eggs of Ruc and Aepyornis, ii. 416n, 417n

Egrigaia, province, i. 281, 282n

Ela (cardamom), ii. 388n

Elchidai, ii. 471, 474n

Elenovka, i. 58n

Elephantiasis, i. 187, 188n, ii. 350n

Elephants, Kúblái carried on a timber bartizan by four, i. 337, 404,

408n;

Kúblái’s, 391, 392n, ii. 104;

the king of Mien’s, 99;

numbers of men alleged to be carried by, 100n;

how the Tartars routed, 102;

wild, 107, 111, 117, 119n;

in Caugigu, 117;

Champa, 268, 271n;

Locac, 276, 279n;

Sumatra, 285, 289n, 290n;

Madagascar and Zanghibar, 411, 422;

trade in teeth of, _ib._;

carried off by the Ruc, 412, 417n, 419n, 421n;

in Zanghibar, 422, 423;

used in war, 429, 433n–434n;

an error, 433n;

Nubian, 424n;

fable about, _ib._;

not bred in Abyssinia, 431;

training of African, 434n;

war of the, _ib._

Eli, Ely, Elly (Hili), kingdom of, ii. 385, 386n _seqq._, 403n, 426n

Elias, Ney, i. 215n, 225n, 278n, 288n, 291n, ii. 23n, 144n

Elixir vitae of the Jogis, ii. 365, 369n

Elliot, Sir Walter, i. 38n, 48n, 56n, 65n, 96n, 102n, 104n, 105n,

121n, 165n, 265n, ii. 295n, 333n, 334n, 336n, 350n, 367n, 369n,

370n, 372n, 400n, 410n, 419n

Emad, Ed-din Abu Thaher, founder of the Kurd dynasty, i. 85n

Embroidery of silk at Kerman, i. 90, 96n;

leather in Guzerat, ii. 394, 395n

Empoli, Giovanni d’, ii. 239n

_Empusa_, the Arabian Nesnás, i. 202n

Enchanters, at Socotra, ii. 407

Enchantments, of the Caraonas, i. 98.

(_See_ also Conjurers, Sorcerers.)

Engano Island, legend, ii. 406n

Engineering feat, _50_

Engineers, their growing importance in Middle Ages, ii. 166n

England, Kúblái’s message to king of, i. 34;

correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of, 36n, ii. 477n

English trade and character in Asia, ii. 368n

Enlightenment, Land of, i. 460n

_Erba_, poisonous plant or grass, i. 217, 218n

Erculin, Arculin (an animal), ii. 481, 483n, 484, 487

Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery, i. 228n–230n

Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n

Erguiul, province, i. 274, 282n

Erivan, i. 58n

_Erkeun_ (_Ye li ke un_), Mongol for Christians, i. 291n

Ermine, i. 257, 405, 410n, ii. 481, 484, 487

Erzinjan, Erzinga, Eriza (Arzinga), i. 45

Erzrum (Arziron), i. 45, 48n

_Eschiel_, the word, ii. 390n

Esher (Shehr, Es-shehr), ii. 442;

trade with India, incense, Ichthyophagi, 442, 443, 444n;

singular sheep, 443, 444n

Essentemur (Isentimur), Kúblái’s grandson, king of Carajan, ii. 64,

80n, 98

_Estimo_, Venetian, or forced loan, _47_, _76_

Etchmiadzin Monastery, i. 61n

Ethiopia and India, confused, ii. 432n

Ethiopian sheep, ii. 422, 424n

Etiquette of the Mongol Court, i. 382, 385n, 391, 393n, 457

Etymologies, _Balustrade_, _38_;

buckram, i. 47n–48n;

Avigi, 57n;

Geliz (Ghellé), 59n;

Jatolic, 61n;

muslin, 62n;

baudekins, 65n;

cramoisy, 65n;

ondanique, 93n;

zebu, 99n;

carbine, 101n;

Dulcarnon, 161n;

balas, 161n;

azure and lazuli, 162n;

None, 173n;

Mawmet and Mummery, 189n;

salamander, 216n;

berrie, 237n;

barguerlac, 272n;

S’ling, 276n, 283n;

siclatoun, 283n;

Argon, 290n;

Tungani, 291;

Guasmul, 292n;

chakór, 297n;

Jádú and Yadah, 309n–310n;

Tafur, 313n;

Bacsi, 314n;

Sensin, 321n;

P’ungyi, 325n;

_carquois_, 366n;

Keshikán, 380n;

vernique, 384n;

camut, borgal, shagreen, 395n;

Chinuchi or Chunichi, 401n;

Toscaol, 407n;

Bularguchi, 407n;

Fondaco, 415n;

Bailo, 421n;

comercque, ii. 41n;

porcelain, 74n;

Sangon, 138n;

Faghfur, 148n;

Manjanik, mangonel, mangle, etc., 163n–164n;

galingale, 229n;

Chini and Misri, 230n;

Satin, 241n, 242n;

eagle-wood, aloes-wood, 271n–272n;

Bonús, Calamanz, _ib._;

benzoni, 286n;

china pagoda, 336n;

Pacauca, 346n;

Balánjar, a-muck, 347n–348n;

Pariah, 349n;

Govi, _ib._;

Avarian, 355n–356n;

Abraiaman, 367n;

Choiach, 368n;

proques, 370n;

Tembul and Betel, 374n;

Sappan and Brazil, 380n–381n;

Balladi, _ib._;

Belledi, 381n;

Indigo baccadeo, 382n;

Gatpaul, baboon, 383n–385n;

Salami cinnamon, 391n;

κώμακον, _ib._;

rook (in chess), 419n;

Aranie, 462n;

Erculin and Vair, 483n;

Misḳál, 592n

—— (of Proper Names), Curd, i. 62n;

Dzungaria, 214n;

Chingintalas, _ib._;

Cambuscan, 247n;

Oirad, 308n;

Kungurat, 358n;

Manzi, ii. 144n;

Bayan, 148n;

Kinsay, 193n;

Japan, 256n;

Sornau, 279n;

Narkandam, 312n;

Ceylon, 314n;

Ma’bar, 332n;

Chilaw, 337n;

Mailapúr, 359n;

Sônagarpaṭṭanam, 372n;

Punnei-Káyal, Káyal, _ib._;

Kollam (Coilum), 377;

Hili (Ely), 386n;

Cambaet, 398n;

Mangla and Nebila, 405n;

Socotra, 408n;

Colesseeah, 410n;

Caligine, 439n;

Aijaruc, 463;

Nemej, 493n

—— Chinese, ii. 119n

Etzina, i. 223

Eunuchs, i. 356;

procured from Bengal, ii. 115n

Euphrates, i. 43n;

said to flow into the Caspian, 52, 59n

_Euphratesia_, i. 43n

Euxine, _see_ Black Sea

Evelyn’s _Diary_, i. 136n

Execution of Princes of the Blood, mode of, i. 67n, 343, 344n

Eyircayá, i. 281n

Facen, Dr. J., _139_

Faghfur (Facfur, Emperor of Southern China), ii. 145;

meaning of title, 148n;

his effeminate diversions, 207;

decay of his palace, 208

Faizabad in Badakhshan, i. 156n, 163n, 173n, 175n

Fakanúr, ii. 440n

Fakata, ii. 260n

Fakhruddin Ahmad, Prince of Hormuz, i. 121n, ii. 333n

Falconers, Kúblái’s, i. 335, 402, 407n

Falcons, of Kerman, i. 90, 96n;

Saker and Lanner, 158, 162n;

peregrine, 269;

Kúblái’s, 402

Famine, horrors, i. 313n

_Fanchán_, _P’ing-chang_, title of a second class Cabinet Minister,

i. 432n, ii. 179n

Fanchan Lake, ii. 29n

Fan-ching, siege of, ii. 167n

Fandaraina, ii. 386n, 391n, 440n

_Fang_, _see_ Squares

Fansur, in Sumatra, kingdom of, ii. 299, 302n

Fansuri camphor, ii. 299, 302n

Fan Wen-hu, or Fan-bunko, a General in Japanese Expedition, ii. 260n,

261n

Fariáb, or Pariáb, i. 106n

Faro of Constantinople, ii. 490

Farriers, none in S. India, ii. 340, 450

Fars, province, i. 85n, 92n, ii. 333n, 348n, 377n, 402n

Fashiyah, Atabeg dynasty, i. 85n, 86n

Fassa, i. 86n

Fasting days, Buddhist, i. 220, 222n

Fattan, in Ma’bar, ii. 333n, 336n

Fatteh, ’Ali Sháh, i. 146n, 179n

Fausto, Vettor, his Quinquereme, _33_

Fazl, Ibn Hassan (Fazluïeh-Hasunïeh), i. 86n

Feili, Lurs dynasty, i. 84n

Female attendants on Chinese Emperors, ii. 17, 20n, 147, 207, 208

Ferlec, in Sumatra, kingdom of (Parlák), ii. 284, 287n, 294n, 295n,

305n;

Hill people, 284, 288n

Fernandez, or Moravia, Valentine, ii. 295n

Ferrier, General, i. 68n, 100n, 106n

Festivals, Order of the Kaan’s, i. 386, 388n

Fiag, or Pog River, i. 54n

_Ficus Vasta_, i. 129n

_Fidáwí_, Ismailite adepts, i. 144n, 145n

Filial Piety in China, i. 457, 462n

Filippi, Professor F. de, Silk industry in Ghílán, i. 59n

Finn, i. 122n

Fiordelisa, daughter of younger Maffeo Polo, _17_, _65_

—— supposed to be Nicolo Polo’s second wife, _17_, _26_, _27_

—— wife of Felice Polo, _27_, _65_

Firando Island, ii. 260n

Firdús, Ismailite Castle, i. 148n

Firdúsí, i. 93n, 130n

Fire, affected by height of Pamir Plain, i. 171, 178n;

regulations at Kinsay, ii. 189

Fire-baptism, ascribed to Abyssinians, ii. 427, 432n

Fire-_Pao_ (cannon?), i. 342n, ii. 596n

Fire-worship, or rockets, in Persia, i. 78, 80;

by the Sensin in Cathay, 303, 325n

Firishta, the historian, i. 104n, 169n

Fish miracle in Georgia, i. 52, 57n, 58n;

in the Caspian, 59n;

and date diet, 107, 116n, ii. 450;

supply at Kinsay, 202;

food for cattle, 443, 444n;

stored for man and beast, 443

Fish-oil, used for rubbing ships, i. 108, 117n

Florin, or ducat, ii. 215, 591n

Flour (Sago), trees producing, ii. 300, 304n, 305n

Flückiger, Dr., ii. 226n

Fog, dry, i. 105n

Fo-kien, _see_ Fu-chau

Folin (Byzantine Empire), ii. 405n

Fondaco, i. 415n, ii. 238n

Foot-mark on Adam’s Peak, _q.v._

Foot-posts in Cathay, i. 435

Forg, i. 86n

Formosa, Plain (Harmuza), i. 107, 115n

Forsyth, Sir T. Douglas, i. 193n, 194n, 216n, 400n

Fortune, R., ii. 182n, 198, 220n, 222n, 224n, 229n, 233n

Foundlings, provision for, ii. 147, 151n

Four-horned sheep, ii. 443, 444n

Fowls with hair, ii. 126, 129n

Foxes, black, ii. 479, 481n, 484, 487

Fozlán, Ibn, i. 7n, 8n, ii. 348n, 488n

_Fra terre_ (Interior), i. 43n

Fracastoro, Jerome, _2_

Franciscan converts, in Volga region, i. 5n, 9n, ii. 491n;

at Yang-chau, 154n;

Zayton, 237n

Francolin (darráj of the Persians), black partridge, i. 97, 99n, 107,

297n

Frankincense, _see_ Incense

Frederic II., Emperor, his account of the Tartars, i. 56n;

story of implicit obedience, 144n;

his _cheetas_, 398n;

his leather money, 429n;

his giraffe, ii. 424n

French, the original language of Polo’s Book, _81_ _seqq._;

its large diffusion in that age, _86_ _seqq._, _122_

French Expedition up the Kamboja River, ii. 57n, 67n, 80n, 120n

Frenchmen, riding long like, ii. 78

French mission and missionaries in China, ii. 38n, 48n, 52n, 57n,

63n, 96n, 97n, 127n

_Frère charnel_, i. 187n

Frere, Sir B., i. 96n, 117n, 147n, ii. 395n, 424n

Froissart, i. 17n, 42n, 68n

Fu-chau (Fo-kien, Fuju), ii. 220n–222n, 224n, 226, 230, 231, 232n,

233n, 238n, 251n;

paper-money at, i. 428n;

wild hill people of, 225, 228n;

its identity, 232n, 238n;

language of, 243n;

tooth relique at, 330n

Fuen (Fen) ho River, ii. 17n

Funeral rites, Chinese, in Tangut, i. 204;

of the Kaans, 246, 250n;

at Kinsay, ii. 191.

(_See_ also Dead.)

Fungul, city of, ii. 124, 127n

Furs, of the Northern Regions, i. 257, 405, 410n, ii. 481, 483n, 484,

487

Fusang, Mexico(?), ii. 405n

Fuyang, ii. 220n

Fuzo, _see_ Fu-chau

Gabala, Bishop of, i. 231n

Gagry, maritime defile of, i. 54n

Gaisue, officer of Kúblái’s Mathematical Board, i. 449n

_Galeasse_, Venetian gallery, _36_, i. 119n

Galingale, ii. 225, 229n, 272

Galletti, Marco, _27_, ii. 512n

Galleys of the Middle Ages, war, _31_ _seqq._;

arrangement of rowers, _31–32_;

number of oars, _32_, _33_;

dimensions, _33_, _34_;

tactics in fight, _38_;

toil in rowing, _ib._;

strength and cost of crew, _39_;

staff of fleet, _39–40_;

Joinville’s description of, _40_;

customs of, _41_

Galley-slaves not usual in Middle Ages, _39_

Gambling, prohibited by Kúblái, i. 457

Game, _see_ Sport

Game Laws, Mongol, i. 396, 406, ii. 13

Game, supplied to Court of Cambaluc, i. 396, 401

Ganapati Kings, ii. 362n

Gandar, Father, ii. 139n, 153n

Gandhára, ii. 114n, 329n, 330n;

Buddhist name for Yun-nan, ii. 73n

Ganfu, port of Kinsay, ii. 189

Ganja, gate of, i. 57n

Gan-p’u, ii. 238n

Gantanpouhoa, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Gantûr, ii. 362n

Gardenia, fruit and dyes, ii, 226n

Gardiner’s (misprinted Gardner’s) _Travels_, i. 160n, 179n

Gardner, C., ii. 196n, 198n

Garmsir, Ghermseer (Cremesor), Hot Region, i. 75n, 99n, 112n, 114n

Garnier, Lieut. Francis (journey to Talifu), ii. 38n, 48n, 57n, 58n,

60n, 64n, 67n, 74n, 80n, 90n, 91n, 95n, 99n, 117n, 120n, 122n,

123n, 128n, 130n, 198n, 278n

Garrisons, Mongol, in Cathay and Manzi, i. 336n, ii. 190, 200n;

disliked the people, 205

_Garuda_, ii. 351n, 415n, 419n

Gate of Iron, ascribed to Derbend, i. 57n

Gates, of Kaan’s palace, i. 363, 368n;

of Cambaluc, 374, 377n;

of Somnath, ii. 400–401

Gat-pauls, Gatopaul, Gatos-paulas, ii. 382, 383n, 385n

_Gatto maimone_, ii. 383n

Gauenispola Island, ii. 300, 307n

Gaur (_Bos Gaurus_, _etc._), ii. 114n

Gauristan, i. 86n

Gavraz, village, i. 45n

Gazaria, ii. 490, 492n

Gedrosi, ii. 402n

Gelath in Imeretia, Iron Gate at, i. 57n

_Geliz_, Spanish for silk dealer, i. 59n

Genealogy of Polos, _13_;

errors as given by Barbaro, etc., in, _77–78_;

tabular, ii. 506n;

of House of Chinghiz, 505n

Genoa, Polo’s captivity at, _6_, _48–55_

—— and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of, _41_, _56_ _seqq._

—— and Venice, rivalry and wars of, _41_ _seqq._

Genoese, their growth in skill and splendour, _42_;

character as seamen by poet of their own, _43_;

character by old Italian author, _48_;

capture of Soldaia, i. 4n;

their navigation of the Caspian, 52, 59n;

trade in box-wood, 57n;

their merchants at Tabriz, 75;

in Fo-kien, ii. 238n

Gentile Plural names converted into local singulars, i. 58n

Geographical Text of Polo’s Book constantly quoted, its language,

_83_;

proofs that it is the original, _84_ _seqq._;

tautology, _85_;

source of other texts, _ib._

George (Jirjis, Yurji, Gurgán), king of Tenduc, of the time of

Prester John, i. 284, 287n;

a possible descendant of, 288n, ii. 460

Georgia (Georgiana), beauty of, and its inhabitants, i. 50–53n;

their kings, 50, 52n

Gerfalcons (Shonkár), i. 270, 273n, 299, 402, 404;

tablets engraved with, 35, 351, 355n, ii. 487

Gerini, Colonel, ii. 596n

German Follower of the Polos, ii. 159

Ghaiassuddin Balban (Asedin Soldan), Sultan of Delhi, i. 99, 104n,

105n

Gháran country, ruby mines in, i. 161n

Gházán (Casan) Khan of Persia, son of Arghún, i. 14n, 29n, 88n, 103n,

121n, 138n, 429n, ii. 50, 166n, 466n;

his regard for the Polos, i. 35;

marries the Lady Kukachin, 36, 38n, ii. 465n;

his mosque at Tabriz, i. 76n;

set to watch the Khorasan frontier, ii. 474, 475n;

obtains the throne, 476;

his object and accomplishments, 478n

Ghel, or Ghelan (Ghel-u-chelan), Sea of, Caspian Sea, i. 52, 58n

Ghellé (Gílí), silk of the Gíl province, i. 52, 59n

Ghes, or Kenn (formerly Kish or Kais), i. 63, 64n

_Ghez_ tree, i. 89n

Ghiuju, ii. 219, 221n, 222n

Ghiyas ed-din, last Prince of Kurd dynasty, i. 85n

Ghori, or Aksarai River, i. 152n

_Ghúls_, goblins, i. 202n

Ghúr, i. 102n

Giglioli, Professor H., _51_

Gíl, or Gílán, province, i. 59n

Gilgit, i. 160n

Gill, Captain (_River of Golden Sand_), i. 408n, ii. 40n, 57n, 59n,

80n–82n, 84n, 88n, 91n, 109n, 169n, 221n

Ginao, Mt. and Hot Springs, i. 122n

Gindanes of Herodotus, ii. 48

Ginger, ii. 22;

Shan-si, 33;

Caindu, 56;

alleged to grow in Kiangnan, 181, 183n;

Fuju, 224, 325;

Coilum, 375, 381n;

different qualities and prices of, 381n;

Ely, 385, 388n;

Malabar, 389;

Guzerat, 393

Giraffes, ii. 413, 421n, 422, 431;

mediæval notices of, 424n

Girardo, Paul, _70_, ii. 511n

Girdkuh, an Ismailite fortress, its long defence, i. 146n, 148n

Girls, consecrated to idols in India, ii. 345–346

Gittarchan, _see_ Astrakhan

Glaza (Ayas, _q.v._), _54_

Gleemen and jugglers, conquer Mien, ii. 110

Goa, ii. 358n, 451n

Gobernador, Straits of, ii. 281n

Goës, Benedict, _20_, i. 175n, 218n

Gog and Magog (Ung and Mungul), legend of, i. 56n, 57n;

rampart of, 57n;

country of, 285;

name suggested by Wall of China, 292n

Gogo, ii. 398n

Goître at Yarkand, i. 187, 188n

Golconda diamond mines, ii. 362n

Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh, their mystic meaning, i. 79, 81n

Gold dust in Tibet, ii. 49, 52n;

exchanged for salt in Caindu, 54, 57n;

Brius River, 56;

in Kin-shia-Kiang, 72n;

and nuggets in Carajan, 76;

abundant in Yun-nan, 95n, 106;

Caugigu, 116;

Coloman, 123;

infinite in Chipangu, 253, 256;

in Sea of Chin Islands, 264;

dust in Gulf of Cheinan Islands, 266;

not found in Java, 274n;

in Locac, 276;

the Malayo-Siamese territories, 179n;

Sumatra, 284, 287n;

vast accumulations in South India, _12_, 340, 348n;

imported into Malabar, 390;

and into Cambay, 398;

purchased in Socotra, 407

Gold and silver towers of Mien, ii. 110

—— cloths of, i. 41, 50, 60, 63, 65n, 75, 84, 285, 387, ii. 23.

(_See_ Silk and Gold.)

—— of the Gryphons in Herodotus, ii. 419n

—— Teeth (Zardandan), Western Yunnan, ii. 84, 88n–91n

—— to silver, relative value of, i. 426n, ii. 95n, 256n, 591n

Golden King and Prester John, tale of the, ii. 17–22

—— Island, ii. 174n, 175, 176n, 310n

—— Horde (kings of the Ponent), ii. 486n, 492n

_Golfo, Indigo di_, ii. 382n

Gomispola, Gomispoda, _see_ Gauenispola

Gomushtapah, Wall of, i. 57n

Gomuti palm, ii. 297n

Gondophares, a king in the St. Thomas legends, ii. 357n

Gordon’s “Ever Victorious Army,” ii. 179n

Gordun Sháh, i. 120n

Göring, F., i. 74n

Goriosan, ii. 260n

_Gor Khar_, wild ass, i. 89n

Goshawks, i. 50, 57n, 96n, 252, 402;

black, ii. 285, 345

Gothia (Crimean), ii. 490;

its limit and language, 492n

Govy, a low caste in Maabar, ii. 341, 349n, 355

Goza, i. 38n

Gozurat, _see_ Guzerat

Grail, Buddhist parallel to the Holy, ii. 328n, 330n

Granaries, Imperial, i. 443

Grapes in Shan-si, ii. 13, 15n, 16n

Grass-cloths, ii. 127n

Grasso, Donato, _25_

Great Bear (Meistre), ii. 292, 296n;

and Little, force of, and application of these epithets, 286n

Great, or Greater Sea (Black Sea), i. 3n, ii. 487, 488, 490

Greece, Bactria’s relation to, i. 160n

Greek fire, _38_, ii. 165n

Greeks, in Turcomania, i. 43;

and Greek tongue in Socotra, ii. 408n, 409n;

possible relic of, 410n

Green, Rev. D. D., ii. 193n

—— Island, legendary, ii. 381n

—— Islands, ii. 417n

—— Mount, Cambaluc, i. 365, 370n

—— R., _see_ Tsien Tang

Gregorieff, his excavations at Sarai, i. 6n

Gregory X., Pope, _see_ Theobald of Piacenza

Grenard, i. 189n, 190n, 193n, 195n, 200n, 203n, 276n, 310n, 324n,

409n, ii. 5n, 27n

Grioni, Zanino, ii. 517n

_Griut_ (_kurut_), sour-curd, i. 265n

Groat, Venetian _grosso_, i. 424, 426n, ii. 22, 66, 153, 181, 201,

225, 236, 354, 591n

Groot, Professor, J. J. M. de, i. 209n, 251n, 268n, ii. 135n

Grote, Arthur, ii. 444n

Grueber and Dorville, Jesuit travellers, i. 276n

_Grus_, _cinerea_, _antigone_, _leucogeranus_, _monachus_, i. 297n

Gryphon, _see_ Ruc

Guasmul (Basmul), half-breeds, i. 284, 292n

Guchluk, i. 161n

Gudar (village), i. 113n

_Gudderi_, musk animals, Tibet, ii. 45, 49n

Gudran, i. 126n

Guebers, the, i. 88n, 96n

Gujáh, Hulákú’s chief secretary, i. 33n

_Gugal_, bdellum, ii. 397n

Guilds of craftsmen at Kinsay, ii. 186

—— Venetian, _72_

Guinea-fowl, ii. 431, 437n

Guions, a quasi-Tibetan tribe, ii. 60n

Gumish-Khának, silver mines, i. 49n

Gunpowder, _138_

Gurgán, a Tartar chief, ii. 474n

_Gurgán_, son-in-law, a title, i. 288n

Gur-Khan of Karacathay, i. 233n

Gutturals, Mongol elision of, i. 8n, 64n

Guz = 100, i. 261, 263n

Guzerat (Gozurat), ii. 389, 390, 392, 394n;

products, mediæval architecture and dress, 393;

work, 393–394, 395n

Haast, Dr., discovers a fossil Ruc, ii. 417n

Habíb-ullah of Khotan, i. 189n

Habsh (Abash), _see_ Abyssinia

Hadhramaut (_Sessania Adrumetorum_), i. 82n

Hadiah, ii. 436n

Haffer, ii. 445n

Hai-nan, Gulf of, ii. 266n

—— language of, ii. 244n

Hairy men in Sumatra, ii. 301n

Hajji Mahomed, i. 211n, 221n

Hakeddin, ii. 436n

Half-breeds, _see_ Argons

Hamd Allah Mastaufi, the geographer, i. 76n, 81n, 84n, 92n, 135n

Hamilton, Captain Alexander, i. 106n, 122n

Hammer-Purgstall on Marco Polo, _115_

Hamúm Arabs, ii. 443n

Hamza of Ispahan, i. 101n

Hamza Pantsúri, or Fantsúri, ii. 303n

Hanbury, D., ii. 183n, 226n, 229n

Han-chung (Cuncun), ii. 31, 32n, 34n, 35n

Hang-chau fu, _see_ Kinsay

Han dynasty, i. 193n, 347n, ii. 32n, 35n, 70n

—— River, ii. 34n, 35n, 149n, 167n

Hanjám, i. 115n

Han-kau, ii. 183n

Hansi, ii. 427n

Han Yü, ii. 81n

_Harám_, i. 141n

Harhaura, W. Panjáb, i. 104n

Harlez, Mgr. de, i. 305n

_Harmozeia_, i. 114n

_Harpagornis_, fossil Ruc, ii. 417n

Harran, i. 23n

Harshadeva, king of Kashmir, i. 169n

Harsuddi, temple of, ii. 349n

Haru, or Aru, ii. 303n

Hashíshín, _see_ Assassins

Hásik, ii. 444n

Hassán Kalá, hot springs at, i. 47n

Hassan, son of Sabah, founder of the Ismailites, i. 141n

Hastings, Warren, letter of, i. 57n

Hatan, rebellion of, i. 346n

Haunted deserts, i. 197, 201n, 274

Havret, Father H., ii. 155n, 212n

_Hawáríy_ (Avarian), the term, ii. 356n

Hawks, hawking in Georgia, i. 50, 57n;

Yezd and Kerman, 88, 90, 96n;

Badakhshan, 158, 162n;

Etzina, 223;

among the Tartars, 252;

on shores and islands of Northern Ocean, 269, 273n;

Kúblái’s sport at Chagannor, 296;

in mew at Chandu, 299;

trained eagles, 397, 399n;

Kúblái’s establishment of, 402, 403, 407n, ii. 13;

in Tibet, 50;

Sumatra, 285;

Maabar, 345

Hayton I. (Hethum), king of Lesser Armenia, _11_, i. 25n, 42n,

ii. 592n;

his autograph, _13_

Hazáras, the, Mongol origin of, i. 102n;

lax custom ascribed to, 212n, ii. 56n

Hazbana, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n

Heat, great at Hormuz, i. 108, 109, 119n, ii. 452;

in India, 343, 375–376

Heaven, City of (Kinsay), ii. 182, 184n, 185, 203

Hedin, Dr. Sven, i. 188n, 190n, 193n,

198n, 203n, 225n, 276n

Heibak, caves at, i. 156n

Height, effects on fire of great, i. 171, 178n

Heikel, Professor Axel, on Buddhist monasteries in the Orkhon,

i. 228n

Hei-shui (Mongol Etsina) River, i. 225n

Hel, Ela (Cardamom), ii. 388n

Helena, Empress, i. 82n

Helli, _see_ Eli

He-lung Kiang, ii. 35n

Hemp of Kwei-chau, ii. 127

Henry II., Duke of Silesia, ii. 493n

Henry III., i. 27n, 56n

Heraclius, Emperor, said to have loosed the shut-up nations, i. 56n

Herat, i. 150n, ii. 402n

Hereditary trades, ii. 186, 196n

Hereford, Map, _132_, i. 134n

Hermenia, _see_ Armenia

Hermits of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n

Herodotus, i. 135n, ii. 104n, 109n

Hethum, _see_ Hayton

Hiai- or Kiai-chau (Caichu?), ii. 19n

Hides, ii. 398.

(_See_ Leather.)

Hili, Hili-Marawi, _see_ Ely

Hill-people of Fo-kien, wild, ii. 225, 228n

Hinaur, _see_ Hunáwar

Hind, ii. 402n

Hindu character, remarks on frequent eulogy of, ii. 367

—— Kush, i. 104n, 164n, 165n, ii. 594n

Hindus, their steel and iron, i. 93n

—— in Java, ii. 283n

Hing-hwa, language of, ii. 244n

Hippopotamus’ teeth, ii. 413, 421n

Hips, admiration of large, i. 160

Hirth, Dr. F., ii. 27n, 28n, 89n, 194n, 199n

Hiuan-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n

Hiuen Tsang, Dr., a Buddhist monk, i. 164n–165n, 169n, 174n,

189n–193n, 197n, 202n, 221n, 222n, 306n, 446n, ii. 28n, 60n,

594n, 595n

Hochau, in Sze-chwan, Mangku Khan’s death at, i. 245n

—— in Kansuh, ii. 29n

Hochung-fu (Cachanfu), ii. 25n

Hodgson, Mr., ii. 116n

Hoernle, Dr., i. 190n

Hojos, ii. 262n

Hokien-fu (Cacanfu), ii. 133n

Hokow, or Hokeu, ii. 224n

Holcombe, Rev. C., on Hwai-lu, ii. 15n;

on Yellow River, 23n;

on Pia-chau fu, 25n;

on road from T’ung-kwan to Si-ngan fu, 27n

Hollingworth, H. G., ii. 144n

Holy Sepulchre, ii. 429;

oil from lamp of, i. 14, 19, 26

Homeritae, ii. 432n

Homi-cheu, or Ngo-ning, ii. 122n, 128n, 129n, 131n

_Homme_, its technical use, i. 27n, 342n

Hondius map, i. 102n

Ho-nhi, or Ngo-ning (Anin) tribe, ii. 120n, 121n.

(_See_ Homi-cheu.)

Hooker, Sir Joseph, on bamboo explosion, ii. 46n

Horiad (Oirad, or Uirad) tribe, i. 300, 308n

Hormuz (Hormos, Curmosa), i. 83, 107, 110n, ii. 340, 348n, 370, 402n,

449, 451;

trade with India, a sickly place, the people’s diet, i. 107,

ii. 450;

ships, 108;

great heat and fatal wind, 108, 109, 119n, 120n;

crops, mourning customs, i. 109;

the king of, 110;

another road to Kerman from, 110, 122n;

route from Kerman to, 110n;

site of the old city, _ib._;

foundation of, 115n;

history of, 120n;

merchants, ii. 340;

horses exported to India from, 348n;

the Melik of, 449, 450, 451

—— Island, or Jerun, i. 110n, 111n, ii. 451n;

Organa of Arian, i. 115n, 121n

Hormuzdia, i. 111n

Horns of _Ovis Poli_, i. 171, 176n

Horoscopes, in China, i. 447, ii. 191;

in Maabar, 344

Horse-posts and Post-houses, i. 433, 437n

Horses, Turkish, i. 43, 44n;

Persian, 83, 86n;

of Badakhshan, strain of Bucephalus, 158, 162n;

sacrificed at Kaans’ tombs, 246;

Tartar, 260, 264n;

and white mares, 300, 308n;

presented to Kaan on New Year’s Day, 390;

of Carajan, ii. 64, 78, 81n;

their tails docked, 82n;

of Anin, 119;

tracking by, 174n;

decorated with Yaks’ tails, 355;

now bred in S. India, 340, 342, 348n, 350n, 438, 450

—— great trade and prices in importing to India from Persia, i. 83,

86n;

modes of shipment, 108, 117n;

from Carajan, ii. 78;

from Anin, 119;

from Kis, Hormuz, Dofar, Soer, and Aden, 340, 348n, 370, 395, 438;

Esher, 442;

Dofar, 444;

Calatu, 450, 451n

—— duty on, 438;

captured by pirates, 395;

their extraordinary treatment and diet in India, 340, 345,

348n–349n, 351n, 450

Horse-stealing, Tartar laws _v._, i. 266

Hosie, A., ii. 131n; on Ch’êng-tu, 40n;

brine-wells of Pai-yen-ching, 58n;

on the Si-fan, 60n, 61n;

on Caindu Lake, 72n

Hospitals, Buddhist, i. 446n

Hostelries, at Cambaluc, i. 412;

on the Cathay post-roads, 434, ii. 32n;

at Kinsay, 193

Hot springs in Armenia, i. 45, 46n;

near Hormuz, 110, 122n

Hounds, Masters of Kaan’s, i. 400–401n

Hours, struck from Cambaluc bell-tower, i. 373, 414; at Kinsay, ii.

188;

unlucky, 364, 368n;

canonical, 368n, 369n

Hsi Hsia dynasty, i. 205n

_Hsiang-Chên_, _Hsiang_, wood, ii. 301n

Hu-chau fu (Vuju), ii. 184n

Hui-hui, white and black capped, two Mohammedan sects, ii. 30n,

Hukaji (Hogáchi, Cogachin), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 76, 80n

Hukwan-hien, ii. 230n

Hulákú Khan (Alau, Alacon), Kúblái’s brother, and founder of Mongol

dynasty in Persia, _10_, i. 5, 10, 61n, 64n, 334n;

war with Barka Khan, 8n, 103n;

takes Baghdad and puts Khalif to death, 63, 66n, 85n, 86n;

the Ismailites and the Old Man, 145, 245, 247n

—— his treachery, ii. 181n;

his descendants, 477;

battle with Barca, 494;

his followers, 495

Hullukluk, village, near Sivas, i. 45n

Human fat, used for combustion in war, ii. 180n

—— sacrifices, i. 208n

Humáyún, Emperor, i. 155n, 277n

Humboldt, _106_, _107_, _110_, _120_, i. 178n

Hunáwar (Onore, Hinaur), ii. 390n, 440n

Hundred Eyes, prophecy of the, ii. 145, 146, 149n

_Hundwáníy_ (ondanique), Indian steel, i. 93n

Hungary, Hungarians, ii. 286n, 492n

Hung Hao, Chinese author, i. 212n

Hun-ho (Sanghin River), ii. 5n, 6n

Hunting equipment and Expedition, Kúblái’s, i. 397, 398n, 404;

Kang-hi’s, 407n

—— preserves, ii. 13.

(_See_ also Sport.)

Hutton, Captain, i. 100n

Hwa-chau, ii. 29n

Hwai-lu, or Hwo-lu-h’ien (Khavailu), the Birmingham of N. Shansi,

ii. 15n

Hwai-ngan-fu (Coiganju), ii. 152n

Hwai River, ii. 143n, 152n

Hwang-ho (Yellow River), i. 245n, 282n, 286n, ii. 23n, 25n, 27n;

changes in its courses, 137n, 142n, 143n;

its embankments, 143n

Hwan-ho, ii. 6n

Hyena, i. 378n

Hyrcania, king of, i. 57n

Iabadiu, ii. 286n

Ibn-al-Furāt, i. 67n

Ibn Batuta (Moorish traveller, _circa_ A.D. 1330–1350), i. 4n–9n,

37n, 44n, 46n, 65n, 75n, 76n, 85n, 101n, 110n, 111n, 116n, 120n,

148n, 150n, 151n, 161n, 165n, 202n, 247n, 294n, 346n, 396n–410n,

ii. 116n, 163n, 214n, 282n, 286n, 312n, 322n, 337n, 346n, 380n,

391n, 413n, 440n, 444n, 445n, 465n;

his account of Chinese juggling, i. 316n;

his account of Khansa (Kinsay), 214n;

of Zayton, 238n;

in Sumatra, 289n, 294n;

on Camphor, 303n;

in Ceylon, 315n, 322n, 337n;

at Kaulam, 377n, 380n;

in Malabar, 391n;

sees Rukh, 419n;

his account of Maldives, 425n;

dog-sledges, ii. 481n, 483n;

Market in Land of Darkness, 486n;

on Silver Mines of Russia, 488n

Ibn Fozlán, _see_ Fozlán

Ichin-hien, ii. 154n, 168n, 173n

Ichthyophagous cattle and people, ii. 442, 443, 444n

Icon Amlac, king of Abyssinia, ii. 434n–436n

Iconium (Kuniyah, Conia), i. 43, 44n

Idolatry (Buddhism) and Idolaters, in Kashmir, i. 166, 168n;

their decalogue, 167, 170n;

Pashai, 172;

Tangut, 203, 207n;

Kamul, 210;

Kanchau, 219, 221n;

Chingintalas, 212;

Suhchau, 217;

Etzina, their fasting days, 220, 222n, 223;

Tartars and Cathayans, 263, 343, 445, 456;

Erguiul, 274;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 284, 285;

Chandu, 300–303;

at Kúblái’s birthday feast, 387;

Cachanfu, ii. 23;

Kenjanfu, 24;

Acbalec Manzi, 33;

Sindafu, 37;

Tibet, 45, 49;

Caindu, 53;

Yachi, 66;

Carajan, 76;

Zardandan, 84;

Mien, 109;

Caugigu, 116;

Coloman, 122;

Cuiju, 124;

Cacanfu, 132;

Chinangli, 135;

Sinjumatu, 138;

Coiganju, 151;

Paukin, 152;

Tiju, 153;

Nanghin, 157;

Chinghianfu, 176;

Tanpiju, 218;

Chipangu, 253;

Chamba, 266;

Sumatra, 284, 292, 299;

Nicobars, 306;

Mutfili, 360;

Coilum, 375;

Eli, 385;

Malabar, 389;

Tana, 395;

Cambaet, 397;

Semenat, 398;

Far North, 479

—— Origin of, ii. 318, 319;

of Brahmans, 364;

of Jogis, 365

Idols, Tartar, i. 257, 258n, 456, ii. 479;

Tangut, 203–207n;

colossal, 219, 221n;

of Cathay, 263;

of Bacsi or Lamas, 302;

of Sensin, 303, 323n–326n;

of East generally, 263, 265n;

in India, 340, 345

Ιερόδουλοι, ii. 351n

Ieu, Gnostics of, ii. 321n

Ifat, Aufat, ii. 435n

Ig, Ij, or Irej, capital of the Shawánkárs, i. 86

Igba Zion, Iakba Siun, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n

_Ilchi_, commissioner, i. 30n

Ilchi, modern capital of Khotan, i. 189n, 190n

Ilchigadai Khan, i. 186n

Ilija, hot springs at, i. 47n

Ilkhan, the title, _10_

Ilyáts, nomads of Persia, i. 85

Imáms of the Ismailites, i. 146n

Im Thurn, Everard, on _Couvade_, ii. 94n

Incense, Sumatran, ii. 286;

brown in West India, 395, 396n;

white (_i.e._ frankincense), in Arabia, 396n, 442, 443n, 445,

446n–449n

India, _12_, i. 1, 107, 109, 167, 414, ii. 76, 78, 107, 115, 119,

236, 249;

horse trade to, i. 83, 86n;

trade to Manzi or China from, ii. 190, 216, 390, 395;

believed to breed no horses, 340, 342, 438, 450;

trade with Persia and Arabia, 370;

western limits of, 401, 402n;

islands of, 423, 425n;

division of, 424;

sundry lists of States, 426n–427n;

trade with Aden and Egypt, 438;

with Arabian ports, 442, 444, 450;

confusion of Ethiopia and, 432n

India, the Greater, ii. 331 _seqq._, 401, 424

—— its extent, ii. 425n, 426n

—— the Lesser, ii. 424, 425n–426n

—— Middle (Abyssinia), ii. 423, 427

—— remarks on this title, ii. 431n

—— Maxima, ii. 426n

—— Tertia, ii. 425n

—— Superior, ii. 426n

—— Sea of, i. 35, 63, 108, 166, ii. 265, 424

Indian drugs to prolong life, ii. 370n

—— geography, dislocation of Polo’s, ii. 377n, 390n, 396n, 403n, 426n

—— nuts, _see_ Cocoa-nuts

—— steel (ondanique), i. 93n

Indies, the Three, and their distribution, ii. 424, 426n

Indifference, religious, of Mongol Emperors, i. 14n, 349n

Indigo, mode of manufacture at Coilum, ii. 375, 381n, 382n;

in Guzerat, 393;

Cambay, 398;

prohibited by London Painters’ Guild, 382n

Indo-China, ii. 426n

Indragiri River, ii. 283n

Infants, exposure of, ii. 147, 151n

Ingushes of Caucasus, i. 268n

Innocent IV., Pope, i. 62n

Inscription, Jewish, at Kaifungfu, i. 346n

Insult, mode of, in South India, ii. 371

Intramural interment prohibited, i. 414

Invulnerability, devices for, ii. 259, 263n

’Irák, i. 74, 84n, 86n, 145n

Irghai, i. 281n

Irish, accused of eating their dead kin, ii. 298n

—— M.S. version of Polo’s Book, _102–103_

Iron, in Kerman, i. 90, 92n, 93n, 94n;

in Cobinan, 125

Iron Gate (Derbend Pass), said to have been built by Alexander,

i. 53n, 54n;

gate ascribed to, 57n, ii. 494

Irtish River, ii. 493n

Isaac, king of Abyssinia, ii. 432n, 433n

Isabel, queen of Little Armenia, i. 42n

Isabeni, ii. 432n

Isentemur (Sentemur, Essentemur), Kúblái’s grandson, ii. 64, 80n

Ish, the prefix, i. 156n

’Ishin, i. 119n

Ish-Káshm, i. 156n, 172n;

dialect, 160n, 173n

Iskandar, Shah of Malacca, ii. 282n

Islands, of the Indian Sea, ii. 249, 424, 426n;

of China, 251, 264;

in the Gulf of Cheinan, 266n;

Male and Female, 404 _seqq._

Isle d’Orléans, ii. 277n

Isle of Rubies (Ceylon), ii. 314n

Ismaïl, Shah of Persia, i. 61n

Ismailites, _see_ Assassins

Ispahan (Istanit, Istan, Spaan), kingdom of Persia, i. 83n, 85n

Israel in China, _see_ Jews

Iteration, wearisome, ii. 133n

I-tsing, ii. 283n

Ivongo, ii. 414n

Ivory trade, ii. 423, 424n

’Izzuddín Muzaffar, suggests paper-money in Persia, i. 428n, 429n

Jacinth, ii. 362n

Jacobite Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n, ii. 409n, 432n–433n;

at Tauris, i. 75, 77n;

Yarkand, 187;

perhaps in China, 291n

Jacobs, Joseph, Barlaam and Josaphat, ii. 327n

_Jadah_, or _Yadah-Tásh_, i. 309n

Jade stone (jasper) of Khotan, i. 191, 193n, 194

Jaeschke, Rev. H. A., i. 209n, 243n, 314n, 324n

Jaffa, Count of, his galley, _40_, _49_

Jaipál, Raja, ii. 346n

Jájnagar, ii. 427n

Jaláluddín of Khwarizm, i. 91n, 236n

Jamáluddín-al-Thaibi, Lord of Kais, i. 65n, ii. 333n, 348n

Jamáluddin, envoy from Ma’bar to Khanbaligh, ii. 337n

Jambi River, ii. 283n

James of Aragon, king, i. 273n, ii. 163n

Jámisfulah (Gauenispola), ii. 307n

Jamúi Khátún, Kúblái’s favourite Queen, her kindness to the captured

Chinese princesses, i. 38n, 358n, ii. 151n

Jangama sect, ii. 370n

Janibeg, Khan of Sarai, i. 6n, 264n, 352n

Japan, _see_ Chipangu

Japanese paper-money, i. 428n

Jaroslawl, ii. 489n

_Jase_, stitched vessel, i. 117n

Jaspar (Gaspar), one of the Magi, i. 78, 82n

Jasper and chalcedony, i. 191, 193n

Jatolic, Játhalík, Jaselic, Gáthalík (καθολικός), i. 60, 61n

Jauchau, ii. 243n

Jaúzgún, former captain of Badakhshan, i. 156n

Java, the Great, _13_;

described, ii. 272;

circuit, empires in, 275n;

Kúblái’s expedition against, _ib._

Java, the Greater and Lesser, meaning of these terms, ii. 286n

Java, the Less, _see_ Sumatra

Jawa, Jáwi, applied by Arabs to islands and products of the

Archipelago generally, ii. 286n

Jaya-Sinhavarman II., king of Champa, ii. 271n

Jazirah, i. 61n

Jehangir (Jehan, Shah), i. 168n

Jenkinson, Anthony, i. 9n, 218n

Jerún (Zarun), island, site of the later Hormuz, i. 110n, 111n, 115n,

121n

Jerusalem, _130_, i. 19

Jesuit maps, i. 408n

Jesujabus, Nestorian Patriarch, ii. 377n, 409n

Jews, their test of Mahommed’s prophetic character, i. 56n;

shut up by Alexander, _ib._;

their connection with the Tartars, 57n;

in China, their inscription at Kaifungfu, 343, 346n, 347n;

in Coilum, ii. 375;

in Abyssinia, 427, 431n, 434n

Jibal, i. 81n

—— Naḳús, or “Hill of the Bell,” Sinai desert, i. 202n

Jibal-ul-Thabúl, “Hill of Drums,” near Mecca, i. 202n

Jíruft, i. 92n, 106n, 111n, 112n

Jogis (Chughi), ii. 365, 369n

John XXII., Pope, i. 4n, 5n, 186n

Johnson, his visit to Khotan, i. 189n, 190n, 192n, 195n, 198n

Johnston, Keith, i. 81n, ii. 67n

Johore, Sultan of, ii. 281n, 282n

Jon (Jihon, or Oxus) River, ii. 458, 466

Jordanus, Friar, i. 37n

Jor-fattan (Baliapatan), ii. 386n

Josephus, i. 49n, 57n, 66n

Jubb River, ii. 424n

Judi, Mount, i. 62n

Jugglers, at Khan’s feasts, i. 383, 386n, 392;

and gleemen conquer Mien, ii. 110, 114n

Juggling extraordinary, i. 316n, 318 _et seq._

Juji, eldest son of Chinghiz, _10_, i. 5n, 239n

Juju (Cho-chau), ii. 10, 11n, 127, 131n

Julman, ii. 485n

Junghuhu, on Batta cannibalism, ii. 288n;

on camphor trees, 303n

Junks, ii. 252n, 333n.

(_See_ also Ships.)

Jupár, i. 113n

Justice, administration of Tartar, i. 266

Justinian, Emperor, i. 49n

Juzgána (Dogana), i. 152n

Kaan, and Khan, the titles, _10_

Kaan, the Great, _see_ Kúblái

Kaans, the series of, and their burial place, i. 245, 247n–250n;

massacre of all met by funeral party, 246, 250n

Kabul, i. 104n, 165n, ii. 402n

_Kachkár_ (_Ovis Vignei_), wild sheep, i. 158, 163n

Kadapah, ii. 362n

Kafchi-kúe, ii. 128n

Káfirs of Hindu Kush, i. 165n;

their wine, 87n, 155n

_Kahgyur_, Tibetan Scripture, ii. 347n

Kahn-i-Panchur, i. 106n

Kaidu (Caidu) Khan, Kúblái’s cousin and life-long opponent, _11_,

i. 183, 186n, 187, 214n, ii. 148n;

plots with Nayan, i. 333, 334n, 348;

his differences with Kúblái, ii. 457;

and constant aggressions, 457–458;

his death, 459n;

his victorious expedition _v._ Kúblái, 459;

Kúblái’s resentment, 463;

his daughter’s valour, 463 _seqq._, 465n;

sends a host _v._ Abaga, 467

Kaifung-fu, Jews and their synagogues there, i. 346n, 347n;

siege of, ii. 158n

Kaikhatu (Kiacatu), Khan of Persia, seizes throne, i. 35, 38n;

his paper-money scheme, 428n;

his death, 428, ii. 475;

his dissolute character, i. 91n, ii. 475

Kaïkhosru I. and III., Seljukian dynasty, i. 44n

Kaïkobad I. and III., i. 44n

Kaikus, Izz ed-din, i. 44n

Káil, _see_ Cail

Kaïn (Gháín), a city of Persia, i. 86n, 124n, 141n

Kaipingfu (Keibung, Kaiminfu, Kemenfu), i. 25, 227n, 304n, 306n

Kairat-ul-Arab, i. 112n

Kais, _see_ Kish

Kaisaríya (Caesaræa, Casaria), i. 43, 44n, 49n

Kajjala, or Khajlak, a Mongol leader, i. 104n

Kakateya, dynasty, ii. 362n

Kakhyens, Kachyens, tribe in Western Yun-nan, ii. 74n, 82n, 90n, 120n

Ḳakula, ii. 279n

Kala’ Atishparastán (Cala Ataperistan), “The Castle of the

Fire-Worshippers”), i. 78, 82n

Kala’ Safed, i. 85n

Kalaján (Calachan), i. 281, 282n

Kalámúr, ii. 427n

Kalantan, ii. 279n

Ḳalchi, Ḳalaḳchi, i. 380n

Kales Devar, king of Ma’bar, ii. 333n, 335n;

his enormous wealth, 333n

Kalgan, or Chang-kia-keu, i. 295n

Kalhát (Kalhátú, Calatu, Calaiate), i. 120n, ii. 348n;

described, 449–450, 451n;

idiom of, 451n

Kalidása, the poet, on the Yak, i. 278n

Kalikut, ii. 386n, 391n, 440n

_Ḳálín_, marriage prices, i. 256n, 392n

Kalinga, ii. 329n, 330n

Kalinjar, ii. 426n

_Kalmia angustifolia_, poisonous, i. 219n

Kamál Malik, i. 68n

Ḳamárah, Ḳomar, ii. 279n

Kamasal (Conosalmi), Kahn-i-asal, “The honey canal,” i. 99, 106n

Kambala, Kúblái’s grandson, i. 361n

Kambáyat (Cambay), ii. 398n

Kamboja (Chinla), ii. 134n, 278n, 374n

Kampar, district and River, Buddhist ruins, ii. 283n

Kamul (Komal, Camul), the Mongol Khamil, Chinese Hami, i. 209, 211n,

214n

_Kanát_, or _Kárez_, underground stream, i. 123, 124n

Kanát-ul-Shám (Conosalmi), i. 106n

Kanauj, ii. 427n

Kanbalu Island, ii. 414n

Kanchau (Campichu), i. 219, 220n

Kandahár, Kandar, Gandhára, ii. 72n, 73n, 329n, 402n

Kandy, ii. 328n

Kanerkes, or Kanishka, king, i. 168n;

coins of, 173n

Kang-hi, Emperor, i. 251n, 407n, ii. 8n, 182n

Kank, i. 194n, 195n

Kanp’u (Ganpu), old Port of Hang-chau, ii. 198n, 199n

Kansan, _see_ Shen-si

Kansuh, i. 206n, 220n

Kao Hoshang, i. 422n

Kao-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n

Kao-yu (Cayu), ii. 153n

Kapilavastu, ii. 322n

Kapukada, Capucate, ii. 380n

_Ḳarábughá_, _Carabya_, _Calabra_, a military engine, ii. 168n

Kará Hulun, ii. 485n

Karájáng (Carajan, or Yun-nan), ii. 64, 67n, 72n, 73n, 80n

Karákásh (“black jade”) River, i. 193n

Karákhitaian Empire, i. 231n

—— Princes of Kerman, i. 91n

Kará Khoja, i. 214n

Karakorum (Caracoron), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460

_Kara Kumiz_, special kind of _Kumiz_, i. 259n

Karámúren (Caramoran) River, Mongol name for the Hwang-ho, or Yellow

River, i. 245n, 282n, 286n, ii. 22, 23n

_Karana_, meaning of, i. 101n

Karáni (vulgo Cranny), i. 101n

Karanút, a Mongol sept, i, 101n

Ḳaraún Jidun, or Khidun, i. 101n

Karaunahs (Caraonas), a robber tribe, i. 98, 101n, 121n

_Karavat_, an instrument for self-decollation, ii. 349n

Karens, ii. 74n

Karmathian, heretics, i. 187n

Karnúl, ii. 362n

Karráh, ii. 427n

Karra-Mánikpúr, i. 86n

Kartazōnon, Karkaddan, rhinoceros, ii. 291n

Kaṣaidi Arabs, ii. 443n

_Kash_, jade, i. 193n

Kashan, i. 81n

Káshgar (Cascar), i. 180, 182n;

Chankans of, 193n, ii. 594n

_Kashísh_ (_Casses_), i. 70n, ii. 409n

Kashmír (Keshimur), i. 104n, 164n, 166;

Buddhism, 166, 168n;

beauty of the women, 166, 169n;

conjurers, 166, 168n;

the language of, 168n;

sorcery in, ii. 593

Kashmiris, i. 76n, 166

Kasia, people and hills, ii. 59n

Kasyapa Buddha, ii. 356n

Kataghan, breed of horses, i. 162n

Ḳaṭar pirates, ii. 409n

Kátif, ii. 348n

Kattiawár, ii. 395n;

pirates, 400n

Kaulam, _see_ Coilum

Kaulam-Malé, ii. 377n

Kauli (Cauly), Corea, i. 343, 345n

Kaunchi (Conchi), Khan, ii. 479, 481n

Káveripattanam, ii. 335n

Káveri River, delta of, ii. 335n

_Kavir_, saline swamp, i. 124n

Kavváyi, ii. 388n

Káyal, Káil, _see_ Cail

—— Pattanam, ii. 372n

—— Punnei-, ii. 372n

Kayten, ii. 234n

Kazan, i. 6n, 7n

Kazáwinah, i. 101n

Kazbek, i. 54n

Kazvín (Casvin), i. 83, 84n, 101n, 141n

Keary, C. F., i. 429n

_Kebteul_, night-watch, i. 381n

Kehran, ii. 426n

Keiaz tribe, i. 179n

Keibung (Kaipingfu), i. 25, 227n, 304n, 306n

Kelinfu (Kienning-fu), City, its bridges, ii. 225, 228n, 229n, 234n

Kemenfu, _see_ Kaipingfu

Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu), ii. 24, 25n, 27n–29n

Keraits, a great Tartar tribe, i. 236n,

237n, 271n, 287n, 288n

Kerala, ii. 390n

Keria, _see_ Kiria

Keriza River, ii. 595n

Kermán, i. 89n, 90, 109, 110, ii. 452;

route to Hormus from, i. 91, 107, 110;

steel manufacture, its industries, 96n;

king of, Atabeg of, 107, 110;

stitched vessels of, 117n;

desert of, 123, 124n

Kerulen (K’i-lien) valley, the Khans’ burial-ground, i. 248n

Keshican (Keshikten), Kúblái’s life-guard, i. 379, 380n, 381n, 394n

Kesmacoran (Kij-Makrán), i. 86n, ii. 401, 402n;

Kij-Makrán, 402n

Keuyung Kwan, village, i. 28n

Khakán, the word, _10_

Khalif (Calif) Mosta’Sim Billah of Baghdad, i. 63;

taken by Hulákú and starved to death, 64;

plot _v._ the Christians laid by a former—the miracle of the

mountain, 69–73;

becomes secretly a Christian, 73

_Khálij_, ii. 439n

_Khàm_, stuff made with cotton thread, i. 190n

Khambavati (Cambay), ii. 398n

Khanabad (Dogana?), i. 156n

Khán Bádshah of Khotan, i. 189n

Khánbalík, _see_ Cambaluc

Khanfu, ii. 199n

Khanikoff, N. de (travels in Persia), i. 49n, 53n, 58n, 74n, 89n,

91n, 92n, 96n, 101n, 106n, 114n, 121n, 124n, 141n, 150n, 193n

_Khanjár-i-Hundwán_, hanger of Indian steel, i. 93n

_Khán-khánán_, a title, _10_

Khanoolla (Mount Royal), site of Chinghiz’s tomb, i. 247n

Khansâ, ii. 199n, 214n

Kharesem, Mount, i. 155n

Khato-tribe, ii. 120n

Khátún-gol, or “Lady’s River,” _i.e._ Hwang-ho, i. 245n, 249n

_Khatun_, title of Khan’s wives, _10_

Khavailu (Hwo-lu h’ien), ii. 15n

Khazars, the, i. 7n, ii. 492n

Khilak, i. 54n

Khimka, ii. 238n

Khinsa, Khingsai, Khinzai, ii. 144n, 175n, 214n.

(_See_ Kinsay.)

Khitan, Khitai, _11_

—— character, i. 28n

—— dynasty of Liao, i. 232n, 288n, ii. 20n

Khmer, ii. 279n

Khodabanda, Ilkhan of Kermán, i. 91n, 103n

Khojas, name of modern Ismailite sect, i. 146n, 163n

Khorasan, province, i. 38n, 128n, 131n, 135n, 150n, ii. 467n, 474n;

turquoises of, i. 92n

Khormuzda, supreme deity of the Tartars, i. 257n

Khotan (Cotan), i. 188, 195n, 197n, ii. 594n, 595n;

fruits, i. 190n;

routes between China and, 191n;

buried cities of, 192n;

its jade, 193n

Khumbavati (Cambay), ii. 398n

Khumdán, ii. 27n

Khusrú, Amír, Indian poet, i. 48n, 96n, 104n

Khutuktai Setzen, Prince of the Ordos, i. 257n

Khwarizm, i. 9n

Kiacatu, _see_ Kaikhátu

Kiahing (Ciangan, Canigan), ii. 185n

Kiai- or Hiai-chau (Caichu), ii. 19n

Kiakhta, i. 56n, 218n

Kia-k’ing, Emperor, ii. 143n

Kiang, the Great (Kian and Kian-Suy, and in its highest course Brius,

the Kinsha Kiang), ii. 36, 56, 59n, 60n, 64, 67n, 69n, 70n, 72n,

129n–131n, 149n, 154n;

its vastness, and numerous craft, 170, 171, 173n;

steamers on, 173n, 174n;

its former debouchure to the south, and changes, i. 199n

Kiang-Ché, ii. 157n, 217n, 224n;

limits of, 218n

Kiang-Hung, Xieng-Hung, ii. 117n, 127n–129n, 131n

Kiangka, ii. 48n

Kiang-mai, Xieng-mai, Zimmé, ii. 117n, 128n, 279n

Kiangshan, ii. 224n

Kiangsi, ii. 228n

Kiang-su, ii. 135n

Kiang-suy (-shui) River, ii. 36, 40n

Kiangtheu, ii. 105n, 111n, 113n

Kiang-Tung, ii. 117n, 279n

Kiao-chi (Tungking), Chinese etymology of, ii. 119n, 128n

Kia Tsing, Emperor, a great bridge builder, ii. 6n

Ki-chau Castle, ii. 26n

Kieh-Ch’a, ii. 283n

K’ien-ch’ang, Kiung-tu (Caindu), ii. 70n–72n

Kien-chau, ii. 232n

Kien-kwé, ii. 232n

Kien-lung, Emperor, ii. 8n, 196n

Kien-ning fu (Kelinfu), ii. 228n

Kiepert, _Map of Asia_, i. 197n

Kij-Makrán (Kesmacoran), i. 86n

Kila’-i-Gabr, “Gueber Castle,” i. 81n, 82n

Kilimanchi River, ii. 424n

Kiming shan Mountains, gold and silver mines, i. 295n

_Kimiz_, _kumiz_ (_kemiz_), mare’s milk,

—Tartar beverage, i. 257, 259n

Kin, or Golden Dynasty in N. China, _12_, i. 28n, 231n, 288n, ii. 8n,

19n, 168n, 190n;

their paper-money, i. 426n, 430n;

story of their Golden King, ii. 17–22

Kincha, Chinese name for Kipchak, ii. 179n

Kin-Chi, or Gold-Teeth (Zardandan), 84–90n

King of the Abraiaman, ii. 364

—— of England, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34;

intercourse with Mongol princes, 36n, ii. 177n

—— of France, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34

—— of Spain, Kúblái’s message to, i. 34, ii. 477n

—— Rev. C. W., i. 370n

Kings of Maabar, the five brothers, ii. 331, 333n, 334n, 337n,

338–339, 370, 371;

their mother’s efforts to check their broils, 371

—— subordinate, or Viceroys, in China, i. 360, 361n, ii. 24, 64, 76,

79n, 190, 199n

—— Tartar, of the Ponent, ii. 490, 492n

Kingsmill, T. W., ii. 154n, 184n, 194n, 220n

King-tê-chên, porcelain manufacture, ii. 243n

K’ing-yüan (Ning-po), ii. 238n

Kin-hwa fu, ii. 222n

Kinki, Kimkhá, ii. 238n

Kinsay (King-szé, or “Capital,” Khansá, Khinsá, Khingsai, Khanzai,

Cansay, Campsay), formerly Lin-ngan now Hang-chau fu, _11_,

ii. 146, 149n, 193n;

its surrender to Bayan, 146, 149n;

extreme public security, 147;

alleged meaning of the name, 182, 184n, 185;

described, 185–208;

bridges, 185, 187, 194n;

hereditary trades, guilds and wealthy craftsmen and their dainty

wives, 186, 196n;

the lake, islands and garden-houses, 186, 187, 196n;

stone-towers—inhabitants’ clothing and food, 187, 197n–198n;

guards and police regulations, 187–188;

fires, 188;

alarm towers, paved streets, 189;

revenue, 189, 190, 215, 216, 217n, 218n;

pavements, public baths, port of Ganfu, 189, 198n, 199n;

the province and other provinces of Manzi, garrisons, 190, 200n;

horoscopes, funeral rites, 191, 200n;

palace of the expelled king, 192;

church, house registers, 192, 200n;

hostel regulations, 193;

canals, 200;

markets and squares, 201, 209n;

fruits and fish shops, 202, 210n;

women of the town, physicians and astrologers, courts of justice,

203;

vast consumption of pepper, 204, 210n;

inhabitants’ character—their behaviour to women and foreigners,

204, 210n, 211n;

hatred of soldiers, 205;

pleasures on the lake and in carriage excursions, 205, 211n;

palace of the king, 206;

the king’s effeminacy and ruin, 207–208, 211n;

tides, 208n;

plan of, 209n;

notices by various writers of, 213n;

wealth of, 245n;

ships, 255, 260n

Kin-sha Kiang, “River of Golden Sands” (upper branch of Great Kiang,

Brius), ii. 36, 56, 64, 67n, 69n, 70n, 72n

Kinshan, _see_ Golden Island

Kinto, or Hintu, Mongol general, ii. 260n

Kipchak (Ponent), Southern Russia, events related by Polo in, _23_,

i. 5, 6n, ii. 490 _seqq._;

sovereigns, 492n;

people of, 493n;

extent of empire, _ib._

Kirghiz Kazak, i. 313n

Kirghiz, the, i. 162n, 176n, 309n, ii. 362n

Kiria, i. 192n, 195n, ii. 595n

Kirk, Sir John, and Raphia palm, ii. 597n

Kis, Kish, or Kais (Kisi), now Ghes, or Kem, island in Persian Gulf,

i. 63, 64n, 83, 452;

merchants, ii. 340;

described, 453n

Kishik, Kishikan, Kizik, Keshikchi, _see_ Keshican

Kishm (Casem), i. 153, 155n, 156n, 173n

—— or Brakht (Oaracta), island in the Persian Gulf, i. 115n, 121n

Kistna River, ii. 362n

Kitubuka, General, i. 85n

Kiu-chau, ii. 222n

Kiulan (Quilon), _see_ Coilum

Kizil Irmak, the, i. 45n

Kizil River, i. 54n

Kneeling oxen, i. 97, 99n

Kobad, the Sassanian, i. 53n

Kobdo, i. 215n

Koh-Banán (Cobinan), i. 125

Koja (Coja), a Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n, 38n

Kokcha River, i. 154n–156n, 162n

_Kok-Tash_, greenstone of Samarkand, i. 187n

Kolastri, or Kolatiri Rajas, ii. 387n

Ko-li-ki-sze, i. 289n

Kolkhoi of Ptolemy, identified, ii. 373n

Kollam, _see_ Coilum

Koloman, _see_ Coloman

Kolyma, bird-hunting at, i. 272n

Κώμακον, ii. 391n

Ḳomár, ii. 279n, 383n

Κομάρια ἄκρον, ii. 382n

Konár tree, Marco Polo’s apples of Paradise, i. 99n

Kondachi, 337n

Konkan, Konkan-Tana, ii. 367n, 390n, 396n

_Korano_, epithet on Indo-Scythic coins, i. 101n

_Korea_, _History of_, ii. 262n

Koresh king, i. 82n

_Kornish_, or K’o-tow (Khén-théu), i. 391, 393n

Kosakio, a general against Japan, ii. 260n

Kosseir, ii. 439n

Kotcheres, Kurds of Mosul, i. 62n

Kotlogh, or Kutlugh, Sultan of Kerman, i. 91n

Kotlogh Shah, the Chaghataian prince, i. 104n, 121n

Kotrobah Island, ii. 409n

Kouyunjik, sculptures at, i. 100n

Kozlov, Lieutenant K. P., on the Lob-nor, i. 199n

Kuang-chou, ii. 239n

Kúbenán (Cobinan), a Kuh-banán “Hill of the Terebinths or Wild

Pistachios,” i. 123, 124n

Kúblái (Cublay), Káán, the Great Khán, i. 8n, 10, 11, 12, 15;

his envoys meet the two elder Polos, 10;

receives and questions the Polos, 11, 12;

sends them as envoys to the Pope, 13;

his desire for Christian teachers, and for oil from the lamp in the

Holy Sepulchre, 13, 14;

gives them a Golden Tablet, 15;

his reception of the three Polos, 26;

sends Marco on an embassy, 27;

Marco grows in favour, 30;

allows the Polos to depart with Tablets of Authority, 33–35;

rumour of his death, 38n;

sends a napkin of asbestos to the Pope, 213;

his greatness and power, 246, 247n, 331;

his milk libations, 300;

his inscription at Shangtu, 304n;

Chinghiz’s prophecy, 331n;

his lineage, age, and accession, 332;

Nayan’s revolt, 333;

Nayan’s defeat and death, 336–343;

rebukes anti-Christian gibes, 344;

returns to Cambaluc, 348;

treats four religions with equal respect, 348n;

his views on Christianity, 349n;

how he rewards his captains, 350;

his personal appearance, 356;

his wives and ladies-in-waiting, 356–358;

his palace at Cambaluc, 362;

builds Cambaluc city, 374;

his bodyguard, 379;

order of his feasts, 381;

celebration of his birthday, 387;

his distribution of robes, 387, 394;

his New Year’s feast, 390;

his elephants, 391;

the _K’o-tow_, 391, 393n;

adopts Chinese ancestor-worship, 392n;

his game laws, 396;

his hunting establishment, 397;

his masters of hounds, 400;

how he goes a-hunting, 402;

how his year is spent, 410;

Ahmad’s influence, oppression, and death, 416–420;

his treatment of Mahomedans, 422n;

his mint and paper-money, 423;

his purchase of valuables, 425;

his twelve great Barons, 430;

his posts and runners, 433;

remission of taxes, 439, 443;

his justice, 440n;

a tree planter, 440;

his store of corn, 443;

charity to the poor, 445;

his astrologers, 446;

gaol deliveries, and prohibition of gambling, 457;

his early campaign in Yun-nan, ii. 46n, 79, 80n;

and the king of Mien and Bangala, 98, 110, 114n;

Litan’s plot, 136;

sends Bayan to invade Manzi, 145;

his dealings with Bayan, 148n, 149n;

satisfied with the Polo’s mangonels, 159;

appoints Mar Sarghis governor of Chinghian-fu, 177;

the city of Kinsay, 186–190;

his revenue from Kinsay, 215;

from Zayton, 235;

his expedition against Chipangu (Japan), 255;

sends force against Chamba, 267, 270n;

attempts to gain Java, 272, 275n;

his death, 275n;

sends to buy Ceylon ruby, 313, 315n;

sends for religions of Sakya, 319;

testifies to miraculous powers of Sakya’s dish, 320;

intercourse with Ma’bar, 337n;

with Kaulam, 378n;

missions to Madagascar, 412–413;

Kaidu’s wars with him, 457 _seqq._

—— Khan, territories and people subject to (Turkistan), i. 180, 188,

191, 196;

(Tangut and Mongolia), 203, 212, 217, 269, 274, 281, 284, 285;

(Tibetan frontier and Yun-nan), ii. 50, 53, 64, 109, 116, 119, 122;

(Western China), 124, 127;

(N. Eastern China), 132, 135, 138, 140, 141;

(Manzi), 151–153;

(Sinju), 170;

(Caiju), 174;

Chinghian-fu, 176;

(Chinginju), 178;

(Suju), 181;

(Tanpigu), 218;

(Chonka), 231;

(Zayton), 234;

(Chamba), 267;

(Sumatra), 272, 285, 292, 299

Kuché character, i. 211n

_Kudatku Bilik_, an Uíghúr poem, i. 28n

Kuhistan, or Hill country of Persia, i. 86n

Kúkachin, _see_ Cocachin

Kukin-Tána, ii. 396n

Kukju (Genkju), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Kuku-Khotan (Blue Town), depôt for Mongolian trade with China,

i. 278n, 286n, 287n

Ku-kwan, Customs’ Barrier, ii. 14n

Kuláb, lions in, i. 152n;

Salt Mines, 154n

Kulan, _Asinus Onager_, the Gor Khar of Persia, i. 89n

Kulasaikera, ii. 335n

Kumár, _see_ Ḳomár

Kumhări, Kumari, _see_ Comari

Kumiz, kimiz (kemiz), Mare’s milk, Tartar beverage, i. 257, 259n,

300;

sprinkling of, 308n, 309n, 385n, 411

Kummájar, ii. 491n

Kúnbúm Monastery, i. 319n

Kunduz, i. 152n, 154n

_Kunduz_ (beaver or sable), i. 410n

Kunduz-Baghlán, i. 86n

Kung-ki-cheng (Fei-ch’eng), ii. 6n, 8n

Kunguráts, Kunkuráts (Ungrat), a Mongol tribe, i. 38n, 101n, 359n,

360

_Kunichi_ (Cunichi, or Chinuchi), “The Keepers of the Mastiff Dogs,”

i. 400

Kuniyah (Conia), Iconium, Koniah, i. 43, 44n 356n

Kunlun (Pulo Condore), ii. 277n

Kurd dynasty, i. 85n

Kurdistan (Curdistan), i. 9n, 62n, 83, 84n

Kurds, the, i. 60, 62n, 85n

Kúreh-i-Ardeshír (Kuwáshír), i. 91n

Kuria Maria Islands, ii. 405n

Kuridai, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

_Kúrkah_, great drum, i. 340n, 341n

Kurmishi, ii. 474n

Kurshids of Lúristán, i. 85n

_Kurut_ (Curd), i. 262, 265n

Kus, Cos (in Egypt), ii. 439n

Kushluk, the Naiman, ii. 20n

Kutan, son of Okkodai, ii. 32n

Kutchluk Khan (Buddhist), Chief of the Naïmans, i. 188n

Kutuktemur, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Kutulun, Princess, ii. 465n

Kuwinji, _see_ Kaunchi

Kuyuk Khan, i. 14n, 245, 247n

Kwa-chau (Caiju), at mouth of Great Canabon Yang-tse-Kiang, ii. 144n,

175n

Kwan Hsien, ii. 41n

Kwansinfu, ii. 221n, 224n

Kwawa, _i.e._ Java, etymology, ii. 119n

Kwei-chau (Cuiju), ii. 82n, 124n, 127n, 129n

Kwei-hwa-ch’eng, or Kuku Khotan, i. 278n, 286n, 287n

Kweilei River, i. 345n

Kyŭng-sang province, ii. 262n

Lac (Wallachia), Lacz, i. 54n, ii. 487, 489n, 490, 491n

Ladies’ dresses in Badakhshan, i. 160, 163n

Ladies of Kinsay, ii. 186

Lagong, ii. 279n

Lahore (Dalivar, Dilivar), i. 99, 104n, 105n, ii. 426n, 427n

Lahsá, ii. 348n

Lájwurd mines, i. 162n

Lake, Caindu, ii. 53, 72n

—— Fanchau, ii. 29n

—— Kinsay, ii. 186, 196n, 200, 214n

—— of Palace at Cambaluc, i. 365, 370n

—— Pleasure parties on, ii. 205, 211n

—— Talifu, ii. 80

—— Yunnan-fu, ii. 66

Laknaoti, ii. 427n

Lakshamana Deva, king of Kashmir, i. 104n

Lamas of Tibetan Buddhism, i. 28n;

their superstitions and rites, 204, 207n, 220, 221n–223n, 301, 302,

314n, 315n;

their monasteries, 303, 319n;

marriage, 303, 319n.

(_See_ also Bakhshi.)

Lambri, kingdom of, ii. 299, 300n, 306, 307n;

situation of, 301n

Lances of Sago Palm, ii. 305n

Lanchang, ii. 279n

Land of Darkness, ii. 484 _seqq._;

market in, 486n

Langdarma, i. 168n, 170n

Langting Balghasun, i. 306n

Languages used in Mongol Court and administration, i. 27, 28n–30n

Lan-Ho, i. 305

Lanja Bálús, or Lankha bálús, ii. 308n

Lanka (Ceylon), ii. 320n

Lan Ki Hien (Nan-Che-hien), ii. 222n, 224n

Lanner Falcons, i. 158, 162n, ii. 50

Lan-tsang kiang (Mekong) River, ii. 88n, 128n

Lao-Kiun, or Lao-Tseu, the Philosopher, i. 322n, 325n, 326n

Laos, people of, ii. 91n, 117n, 120n, 128n

Lar, or Láṭ-Desa, ii. 367n

—— province, ii. 363, 367n, 403n

Latin version of Polo’s Book, _63_, _81_, _90_, _95_, _100_

Latins, the term, i. 10, 12, 32

Latsé, Tibetan for musk, i. 279n

Lauredano, Agnes, ii. 520n

_Laurus Camphora_, ii. 237n

Lawek, _Lawáki_, ii. 278n–279n

Laxities of marriage customs, _see_ Marriage

Layard, Mr., i. 85n

Layas, _see_ Ayas

—— Gulf of, i. 17n

Leather, i. 395, 398;

embroidered mats of Guzerat, 393–394, 395n

Leaves, used for plates, ii. 365;

green leaves said to have a soul, 366

Lecomte on Chinese war vessels, i. 37n

Lembeser, Ismaelite fortress, i. 146n

Lenzin, ii. 141n

Leon I., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 42n

Leon II., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 44n

Leon III., king of Lesser Armenia, i. 25n

Leon VI., last king of Lesser Armenia, i. 42n

Leopards, ii. 282, 411, 431;

taught to sit on horseback, i. 299;

(Cheetas) kept for the Chase by Kúblái, 397

Lepechin, Professor, i. 9n

Le Strange, Guy, i. 67n, 92n

Leung Shan, i. 245n

Levant, term applied by Polo to the kingdom of the Mongol Khans,

i. 1, 5, 8n, 10, 32, 36, 44, 63, 84, 246, 270, ii. 50, 376, 466,

477, 491, 494

Lewchew, ii. 391n

Lewis, _see_ St. Lewis

Lewis XI. and XII. (France), i. 398n

Lew-sha, old Chinese name for Lop Desert, i. 198n, 201n

Leyes, _see_ Ayas

Lhása, ii. 45n, 70n, 74n;

_Labrang_ Monastery at, i. 319n

_Li_, Chinese measure, supposed to be confounded with miles,

ii. 193n, 194n, 209n

Liampo (Ningpo), ii. 228n, 239n

Liang, or tael, i. 426n, 427n

Liang-chau in Kansuh, i. 29n, 276n, 281n

Liao dynasty, _12_, i. 232n, 288n

Liao-tong, i. 289n, 334n, 345n

Libanos, Λιβανοφόρος and Λιβανωτοφόρος χώρα, ii. 445n–446n

_Libro d’Oro_, _14_

Licinius, Emperor, i. 45n

Lidé (Liti), ii. 297n, 305n

Lieuli Ho, ii. 6n

Lign-aloes (eagle-wood), ii. 87, 268;

etymology, 271n;

in Sumatra, 284, 287n

Ligor, ii. 278n

_Ligurium_, the precious stone, _Liguire_, i. 398n

Li H’ien, Tartar ruler of Tangut, i. 206n

_Likamankwas_ of Abyssinian kings, ii. 348n

Li-kiang fu, ii. 73n, 90n

_Limyrica_, ii. 408n

Lindley, i. 99n

Lindsay, Hon. R., ii. 46n, 74n

_Linga_, ii. 370n

Linju, ii. 140, 141n

Lin-ngan (Hang-chau), ii. 149n, 195n

Lin-ngan in Yun-nan, ii. 120n, 121n, 129n

Lintching-y, or Lingchinghien, ii. 141n

Lin-t’sing chau, ii. 139n

Lion and Sun, i. 352n

Lions, black, ii. 376, 382n, 422

—— on the Oxus, i. 151;

Chinese notion of, i. 399n

—— (apparently for tigers) kept for the chase by Kúblái, i. 397,

ii. 31, 42, 56, 214, 219;

skins of striped, i. 405;

how hunted with dogs, ii. 126.

(_See_ also Tigers.)

Lion’s Head Tablets, i. 35, 350, 352n

_Lire_, various Venetian, _66_, _71_, ii. 591n–592n

—— of gold, _73_

Lisbon, ii. 391n

Lissu, or Lisau tribe, ii. 60n, 90n

Litai, ii. 301n

Litan, rebellion of, i. 313n, ii. 136, 138n

Lithang, ii. 48n, 56n, 67n

Little Orphan Rock, ii. 174n

Liu Pang, founder of 1st Han dynasty, ii. 32n

Liu Pei (Luo Pé), of the Han dynasty, ii. 32n, 38n

_Livre des Merveilles_, _121_, ii. 527n

Livres of gold, ii. 442

—— Parisis, _90_, ii. 590n

—— Tournois, i. 83, 86n, ii. 590n

Li Yuan-hao, founder of the Hsi Hsia dynasty, Tangut, i. 206n

Lo, tribes of S.W. China so-called, ii. 123n, 124n, 129n

—— Chinese name of part of Siam, ii. 278n

Lob, _see_ Lop

Locac, kingdom of, ii. 276, 277n–280n

Lockhart, Dr. W., i. 372n, 377n, ii. 8n, 27n, 82n, 124n

_Lokok_, ii. 278n—280n

Lolo tribes, ii. 60n—63n, 69n, 70n, 123n

Longevity of Brahmins and Jogis, ii. 365, 369n

Longfellow, i. 67n

Lop, city and lake, i. 194, 196;

desert, 196, 197

Lophāburi, ii. 278n

Loping, ii. 129n, 130

Lor, _see_ Lúristan

Lord, Dr. Percival, i. 160n

Löss, brownish-yellow loam, ii. 14n

Loups cerviers (lynx), i. 398n

Low castes, ii. 349—350n

Lowatong River, ii. 130n

Loyang, Bridge of, ii. 241n

Lubán, ii. 446n, 449n

Lubán-Jáwi, ii. 286n

Lubán-Shehri, ii. 449n

Lubbies, ii. 372n

Lucky and unlucky hours and days, ii. 364, 368n

Luddur Deo, ii. 362n

Luh-ho-ta Pagoda, Hang-chau, ii. 193n, 194n

Lukon-Kiao (Hun-ho, Pulisanghin River), ii. 5n, 6n, 8n

Lukyn Port, ii. 279n, 280n

Lung-yin ii. 224n

Lúristan (Lor, Lur), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 84n;

Great and Little, 85n;

character of Lurs or people of, 87n

Lusignan, John de, i. 42n

Lút, Desert of (Dasht-i-Lut), i. 124n, 127, 128n

Lu-tzŭ tribe, ii. 82n

Lynxes, trained to hunt, i. 397, 398n;

in Cuncun, ii. 31

Ma Twan-lin, the Chinese Pliny, i.

100n, 201n

Maaden, turquoise mines at, i. 92n

Maatum, or Nubia, ii. 431n

Ma’bar (Maabar, _i.e._ Coromandel coast), province of India, ii. 331,

332n, 338;

its brother kings, 331, 333n, 335n, 370, 371;

pearl fishery, 331, 335n, 337n;

etymology, 332n;

limits, 333n;

obscurity of history, 334n;

port visited by Polo, 335n;

nakedness of people, king, his jewels, 338–346;

his wives, “Trusty Lieges,” treasure, 339, 347n;

horses imported, 340;

superstitious customs, 340;

ox-worship, 341;

Govis, _ib._;

no horses bred, 342, 350n;

other customs, 342;

mode of arrest for debt, 343, 350n;

great heat, 343;

regard for omens, 344, 351n;

astrology, treatment of boys, 344;

birds, girls consecrated to idols, 345, 351n;

customs in sleeping, 346, 352n;

ships at Madagascar, 412

Macartney’s Map, i. 173n, 292n

Macgregor, Sir C., “Journey through Khorasan,” i. 86n, 89n

Máchin, city of (Canton), ii. 175n

Máchin, Maháchin (Great China), used by Persian writers as synonymous

with Manzi, ii. 35n, 144n, 175n

Maclagan, Major-General (R.E.), i. 105n, 155n

Madagascar (Madeigascar), ii. 411, 413n;

confused with Magadoxo, 414n;

etymology, 414n;

traces of ancient Arab colonisation, 414n

Mádái, Madavi, Maudoy, ii. 387n, 388n

Madjgars, ii. 491n–492n

Madar-Des, Eastern Panjáb, i. 104n

Madras, ii. 355n, 403n

Madura, ii. 333n, 334n, 335n

Maestro, or Great Bear, said to be invisible in Sumatra, ii. 292,

296n

Magadha, ii. 356n

Magadoxo, confused with Madagascar, ii. 414n

Magapatana, near Ceylon, ii. 283n

Magi, the three, i. 78–80;

legend as told by Mas’udi, 82n;

source of fancies about, 82n;

names assigned to, 83n

Magic, of Udyana, i. 164n;

Lamaitic, 301, 314n.

(_See_ also Sorcerers.)

Magical darkness (dry fog and dust storms), i. 98, 105n

Magnet, Mount, ii. 418n

Magyars, ii. 491n–492n

Mahar Amlak, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n

Mahávan, ii. 426n

Mahmúd Kalháti, prince of Hormuz, i. 121n

Mahmúd of Ghazni, i. 106n

Mahmudiah Canal, ii. 439n

Mahomed (Mahommet), his account of Gog and Magog, i. 56n;

his Paradise, 140;

his alleged prophecy of the Mongols, 265n;

his use of mangonels, ii. 164n

Mahomed, supposed worship of idols of, i. 189n

—— II., uses the old engines of war, ii. 163n, 166n

—— Tarabi, 106n

—— Tughlak of Delhi, his copper token currency, 429n

—— Shah of Malacca, ii. 282n

Mahomedan revolts in China, ii. 29n, 74n, 80n

—— conversion of Malacca, 282n

—— conversion of states in Sumatra, 284, 288n, 294n, 295n, 300n–303n

—— butchers in Kashmir, i. 167

—— butchers in Maabar, ii. 342

—— king of Kayal, 374n

—— merchants at Kayal, 372n

—— settlements on Abyssinian coast, 434n

Mahomedans (Saracens), i. 414, 418;

in Turcomania, 43;

in and near Mausul, 60;

their universal hatred of Christians, 68, 72;

in Tauris, 75;

in Persia, 84;

their hypocrisy about wine, 87n;

at Yezd, 88;

Hormuz, 108;

Cobinan, 125;

Tonocain, 128;

Sapurgan, 149;

Taican, 153;

Badakhshan, 157;

Wakhan, etc., 170;

Kashgar, 180;

strife with Christians in Samarkand, 183;

Yarkand, 187;

Khotan, 188;

Pein, 191;

Charchan, 194;

Lop, 196;

Tangut, 203;

Chingintalas, 212;

Kanchau, 219, 263;

Sinju, 274;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, their half-breed progeny, 284;

in northern frontier of China, alleged origin of, 288n;

their gibes at Christians, 343;

Kúblái’s dislike of, 420, 422n;

in Yun-nan, ii. 66, 67n, 74n;

in Champa, 268n;

in Sumatra, 284, 288n, 294n, 295n, 300n, 303n;

troops in Ceylon, 314;

pilgrims to Adam’s Peak, 319;

honour St. Thomas, 353;

in Kesmacoran, 401;

in Madagascar, 411;

in Abyssinia, 427;

in Aden, 428, 438;

outrage by, 428 _seqq._;

at Esher, 442;

Dufar, 444;

Calatu, 449;

Hormuz, 452;

Ahmad Sultan one, 467

Mailapúr (Shrine of St. Thomas), ii. 355n

Maiman, i. 86n

_Maistre_, the word, ii. 296n

Maitreya Buddha, ii. 330n

Majapahit, empire of (Java), ii. 275n

Majar (Menjar), ii. 491n

Major, R. H., on Australia, ii. 280n

Makdashan, _see_ Magadoxo

Malabar, Melibar, Malibar, Manibar, ii. 389, 390;

fleets, 389;

products, 389, 390n;

imports, Chinese ships in, 390, 391n

Malacca, ii. 281n;

foundation of, 282n;

chronology, 282n

Malacca, Straits of, ii. 281n

Malaiur, island and city, ii. 280, 281n,

283n, 305–306n

Mal-Amir, or Aidhej, i. 85n

Malasgird, i. 145n

Malay Peninsula, ii. 277n;

invasion of Ceylon, 215n;

chronicle, 279n, 282n, 287n, 288n, 294n, 300n;

language, 286n;

origin of many geographical names, 314n

Malayo, or Tana Malayu, ii. 281n, 283n

Malcolm, Sir John, ii. 351n

Maldive Islands, ii. 425n

Malé in Burma, ii. 113n

Male and Female Islands, ii. 401, 404 _seqq._;

legend widely diffused, 405n–406n, 415n

Malifattan, ii. 333n

Malik al Dháhir, king of Samudra, ii. 288n, 294n

—— al Mansúr, ii. 288n, 294n

—— al Sálih, king of Samudra, ii. 288n, 294n, 295n

—— Kafur, ii. 333n

Malli, the, i. 93n

Malpiero, Gasparo, _4_

Malte-Brun, _112_, i. 86n, ii. 602n

Malwa, ii. 426n, 427n

Mamaseni, i. 85n

Mamre, tree of, i. 131n, 132n, 135n

Mán, barbarians, ii. 60n, 123n, 144n, 228n

Man, Col. Henry, ii. 308n, 312n

Manchu dynasty, i. 29n

Mancopa, ii. 300n, 305n

Mandalé in Burma, ii. 329n

Mandarin language, ii. 243n

Mangalai, third son of Kúblái, _21_, i. 361n, ii. 24;

his palace, 24, 25, 31n

Mangalore, ii. 386n

Mangla and Nebila Islands, ii. 405n

Mangonels made by Polos for attack of Saianfu, ii. 159;

etymology, 164n;

account of, 168n;

a barbarous lubricant for, 180n

Mangu (Mangku, Mongu) Khan, Kúblái’s elder brother, _10_, _11_,

i. 8n, 14n, 61n, 103n, 146n, 210, 227n, ii. 32n, 42, 46n;

his death, i. 245n;

reign, massacre at his funeral, 246, 250n, 334n

Mangu-Temur (Mungultemur), ii. 491, 496, 497n

Manjáník (Manjaniki), ii. 164n

—— Kumghá, ii. 168n

Manjaníkis (Mangonellers), ii. 168n.

(_See_ Mangonels.)

Manji, _see_ Manzi

Manjushri, Bodhisatva, ii. 265n

Manphul, Pandit, i. 154n, 156n, 160n, 162n, 163n

Mansur Shah, i. 25n

Mantzé, Man-tzu, Mantszi, Aborigines, ii. 60n, 64n, 144n

Manuel, Comnenus, Emperor, i. 82n

Manufactures, Kúblái’s, i. 412, 415n

Manuscripts of Polo’s Book, _81_ _seqq._, _90_ _seqq._ ii. 526n–552n

Manzi (Facfur), king of, i. 36, ii. 145, 148;

his flight, 146;

his charity, 147, 207–208;

his effeminacy, 147;

his death, 148;

his palace at Kinsay, 191–192, 206–207.

(_See_ Faghfur.)

—— (Mangi) province, _3_, ii. 10;

White City of the Frontier, 33, 34n, 36, 49, 139, 141, 144n, 151,

176;

entrance to, 142, 152;

conquest of, 145–146, 148, 158, 178;

character of the people, 181, 204;

its nine kingdoms, 1200 cities and squares, 190, 213;

its bamboos, 219;

no sheep in, 219;

dialects, 236, 243n;

called Chin, 264, 265n;

ships and merchants in India, 386, 390, 391n

—— queen of, surrenders, ii. 146, 150n;

her report of Kinsay, 185

Map, constructed on Polo’s data, _109_, _110_;

Hereford, _127_;

Roger Bacon’s, _132_;

Marino Sanudo’s, _133_;

Medicean, _134_;

Catalan, _135_, _136_;

Fra Mauro’s, _135_;

Ruysch’s, _135_;

Mercator’s, _137_;

Sanson’s, _137_

Mapillas, or Moplahs, ii. 372n, 380n

Maps, allusions to, in Polo’s book, ii. 245n, 312, 424;

early mediæval, _132_;

of the Arabs, _132_;

in the palace at Venice, _110_

Marabia, Maravia, Maravi, ii. 386n–387n

Marah Silu, ii. 294n

Mâramangalam, site of Kolkhoi, ii, 373n

Marash, i. 23n

Maratha, ii. 426n

Mardin (Merdin), i. 60, 62n

Mare’s milk, _see_ Kumiz

Margaritone, i. 22n

Marignolli, John, ii. 23n, 144n, 180n, 193n, 194n, 213n, 239n, 321n,

356n, 358n

Market days, i. 154n, ii. 106, 107n

Markets in Kinsay, ii. 201, 202

—— Squares in Kinsay, ii. 201, 210n, 213n

Marks of Silver, i. 83, ii. 394, 591n

Marriage customs in Khotan, i. 191, 193n

—— customs in Kanchau, i. 220, 223n

—— customs of the Tartars, 252—253, 256n

—— (posthumous) amongst Tartars, 267, 268n

—— laxities of different peoples, i. 191, 193n

—— laxities in Thibet, ii. 44, 48n, 53–54, 56n, 66, 76n

Mar Sarghis, ii. 157n, 177

Marsden’s edition of Polo, _115_ and _passim_

Martin, Dr. Ernest, of French Legation at Pekin, ii. 93n

Martini, ii. 5n, 15n, 29n, 32n, 35n, 137n, 211n, 228n, 229n, 237n;

his _Atlas Sinensis_, i. 42n, ii. 69n;

his account of Kinsay, ii. 214n and _passim_

Martyrs, Franciscan, ii. 396n

_Masálak-al-Absár_, i. 5n, 86n, ii. 214, 348n

Masa’úd, Prince of Hormuz, i. 120n, 121n

Mashhad (Meshed), or Varsach River, i. 150n, 155n, 156n, 193n

Mashiz, i. 92n

Maskat, ii. 451n

Mastiff Dogs, Keepers of the, i. 400, 401n

Mastiffs of Tibet, _see_ Dogs

Mastodon, bogged, ii. 290n

Mas’ud II., Ghiath ed-din-Seljuk dynasty, i. 44n

Mas’udi, i. 53n, 59n, 62n, 82n, 99n

Masulipatam, ii. 363n

Matchlocks, manufacture at Kerman, i. 90;

at Taianfu, ii. 15n

Ma-t’eu (Matu), ii. 139n

Mati Dhivaja, _see_ Bashpah Lama

Matitánana, ii. 414n

Matityna (Martinique), ii. 405n

Mätzner, Eduard, ii. 601n

Maundevile, Sir John (John a Beard), on lying in water, i. 119n,

ii. 604n;

Cloths of Tartary, 295n;

Trees of the Sun, 130n;

Dry Tree, 131n;

his Book of Travels, ii. 598n, 605n;

English version, 601n;

his tomb, 604n

Maung Maorong, or Pong, Shan kingdom, ii. 79n, 113n

Mauro, Fra, his map, i. 6, 133, ii. 128n

Mausul (Mosul), kingdom of, i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n

_Mauvenu_ (Malvennez), the phrase, ii. 21n, 473n

Mayers, W. F., ii. 150n, 596n

Mayhew, A. L., on _Couvade_, ii. 93n

Mázanderán, province, i. 59n

_Mecchino_, Ginger, ii. 381n

Medressehs at Sivas, i. 45n

Mekhitar, i. 45n

Mekong River (Lan-tsang kiang), ii. 88n, 128n, 278n

Mekrán, often reckoned part of India, ii. 402n, 403n, 405n

Mekranis, i. 106n

Melchior, one of the Magi, i. 78, 82n

Melibar, _see_ Malabar

Melic, the title, ii. 449, 450, 470n

Melons, dried, of Shibrgán, i. 149, 150n

Menangkabau, ii. 286n, 301n

Mendoza, i. 8n

Menezes, Duarte, ii. 358n

Mengki, envoy to Java, ii. 75n

Menjar (Májar?), ii. 490, 491n

Menuvair and Grosvair, ii. 483n

Merghuz Boirúk Khan, ii. 19n

Merkit (Mecrit, Mescript), a Tartar tribe, i. 236n, 269, 271n

Meshid (more correctly Mashhad), i. 150n, 155n, 156n, 193n

Messengers, Royal Mongol, i. 36n

Mexico, ii. 405n

Meyer, Paul, _Alexandre le Grand_, i. 56n

Miafaraḳain, i. 68n

Miau-tzu, ii. 82n

Mien, Amien, Ava (Burma), king of, his battle with Tartars, ii. 98n;

City of, 99n, 109;

its gold and silver towers, 110;

how it was conquered, 110, 111n;

communications and war with Mongols, 104;

Chinese notices, 104n

Mikado, ii. 262

Military engines of the Middle Ages, dissertation on, ii. 161n;

two classes, 161n;

_Trébuchets_, 161n, 163n, 164n;

Balista, 161n;

shot used, carrion, live men, bags of gold, 163n;

_Mangonel_, 163n, 169n;

Napoleon’s experiments with heavy shot, 164n, 165n;

size and accuracy, 165n;

length of range (Sanudo on), 166n;

effect of Mangonel on Saracens, 166n;

procured by Kúblái for siege of Siang-yang, 167n;

Chinese and Persian histories on, 167n–169n;

known to Mongols and Chinese, 168n;

the _Karabugha_, or _Calabra_, 168n;

the _P’ao_, 169n

Milk, portable, or curd, i. 262, 265n

Milk, rite of sprinkling Mare’s, i. 300, 309n, 411

Million, use of the numeral, _67_, ii. 215, 217n

Millione, Millioni, nickname for Polo and his book, _6_, _54_, _119_,

ii. 217n

Millioni, Corte del, _4_

Milne, ii. 222n

Minao district, i. 110n, 114n

Mines and Minerals, _see_ Iron, Silver, etc.

Minever, _see_ Menuvair

Ming, the Chinese dynasty which ousted the Mongols, A.D. 1368,

i. 29n, ii. 15n, 238n;

their changes in Peking, i. 342n;

their paper-money, 427n;

their effeminate customs, ii. 20;

expeditions to India, 392n;

annals, 413n, 439n, 445n

Mingan, Khan’s Master of Hounds, i. 400

Ming-ti, Emperor i. 347n

Minján, dialect of, i. 160n

Minotto, Professor A. S., _6_, ii. 511n

Min River (in Fokien), ii. 228n, 230n, 233n, 234n

—— River (in Sze-ch’wan), ii. 40n, 70n, 130n

Mint, the Khan’s, i. 423

Mintsing-hien, ii. 230n

Mious River, ii. 488n

Miracle Stories, fish in Lent, i. 52–57n;

Mountain moved, 68–73;

St. Barsamo’s girdles, 77;

Holy Fire, 80;

Stone at Samarkand, 185;

at St. Thomas’ Shrine, ii. 354, 356n, 358n

Mírat, ii. 426n

_Mire_, French for leech, i. 81n

Mirkhond, ii. 180n

Mirobolans, ii. 388n

_Misḳál_, a weight, i. 353n, ii. 41n, 217n, 592n.

(_See_ also Saggio.)

_Misri_, sugar-candy, ii. 230n

Missionary Friars, powers conferred on, i. 22, 23n;

in China in 14th century, _140_, ii. 154n, 237n, 240n

—— Martyrs, i. 312n, ii. 396n

Moa of New Zealand, ii. 417n, 418n

Modhafferians, the, i. 86n

Modun Khotan (“Wood-ville”), i. 408n

Moghistan, i. 110n

Mohammed, son of Yusuf Kelefi, founder of Shíráz, i. 85n

Mohammerah, ii. 444n

Mohiuddin, i. 24n

Mokli, the Jelair, ii. 462n

Molayu, ii. 283n

Molebar, _see_ Malabar

Molephatan, ii. 426n

Molière, _Pastorale Comique_, i. 341n

Moluccas, ii. 265n

Mombasa, ii. 424n

Momein, ii. 57n, 80n, 81n

Monasteries of Idolaters (Buddhists), i. 167, 219, 286n, 303, 319n,

ii. 171, 174n, 175, 176n, 213n

Money, paper, i. 423–425, 426n–430n

—— values, i. 426n, ii. 590n–592n

Mongol conquests, _9_, _10_; capture Soldaia, i. 4n;

Bolghar, 7n, 8n;

treachery and cruelty, 61n, 151n, 265n, ii. 181n;

their inroads, i. 105n;

Balkh city, 151n;

invade Balakhshán, 161n;

invasion of Poland and Silesia, ii. 493n

Mongon Khan, _see_ Mangu

Mongotay (Mangkutai), a Mongol officer, ii. 136, 138n

Monkeys, ii. 285, 382, 431;

passed off as pygmies, 285, 383n–385n

Monks, idolatrous, i. 303.

(_See_ Monasteries.)

Monnier, Marcel, his visit to Karakorum, i. 230n;

on the Ch’êng-tu Suspension Bridge, ii. 41n

Monoceros and Maiden, legend of, ii. 285, 291n

Monophysitism, i. 61n

Monsoons, _23_, ii. 264–265

Montecorvino, John, Archbishop of Cambaluc, i. 117n, 287n, 289n,

346n, ii. 180n

Monte d’Ely, ii. 386n, 387n

Montgomerie, Major T. G. (R.E.) (Indian Survey), on fire at great

altitudes, i. 178n;

position of Kashgar and Yarkund, 182n

Monument at Si-ngan fu, Christian, ii. 27n, 28n

Moon, Mountains of the, ii. 415n, 420n, 421n

Moore, _Light of the Harem_, i. 115n

Moplahs, _see_ Mapillas

Morgan, E. Delmar, i. 176n, 198n, 207n

Mortagne, siege of, ii. 165n

_Morus alba_, silk-worm tree, ii. 25n

Moscow, Tartar Massacre at, ii. 493n

Mosolin, or Muslin (Mosolini), _Mo-sze_,

Arab Mauçili, i. 60, 62n, ii. 363n, 408n

Mossos, a tribe, ii. 60n, 63n

Mosta’sim Billah, last Abbaside Khalif of Baghdad, story of his

avarice and death, i. 63–64, 67n

_Mostocotto_, i. 87n

Mosul (Mausul), i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n

Motapallé, _see_ Mutfili

Motawakkil, Khalif, i. 131n

Moule, Bishop G. E., ii. 194n–198n, 209n–213n, 215n

Mount, Green, in Palace grounds at Peking, i. 365, 370n, 372n

—— St. Thomas, ii. 356n, 358n

—— D’Ely, _see_ Monte d’Ely

Mountain, Old Man of the, _see_ Old Man of the

—— Miracle of the, i. 68–73

—— Road in Shensi, extraordinary, ii. 32n

Mourning customs, at Hormuz, i. 109;

in Tangut, 204;

at Kinsay, ii. 191

Mozambique Channel, ii. 415n

Muang, term applied in Shan countries (Laos and W. Yunnan) to

fortified towns, as:—

Muang-Chi, ii. 67n

Muang, or Maung Maorong, ii. 79n, 113n

Muang Shung, ii. 120n

Muang Yong, ii. 57n, 117n, 128n

Muláhidah (Mulehet, Alamút, Chinese Mulahi), epithet of Ismaelites,

i. 139, 141n, 142n, 146n

Mulberry Trees, i. 423, ii. 13, 24

Mul-Java, ii. 349n

Müller, F. W. K., ii. 89n

Müller, Professor Max, i. 65n;

on _Couvade_, ii. 93n;

on stories of Buddha and St. Josafat, 323n, 325n, 326n, 328n

Multan, ii. 426n

Múnál pheasant (_Lophophorus impeyanus_), described by Ælian, i. 280n

Mung (_Nicaea_), i. 104n

Mungasht, hill fort, stronghold of the Atabegs, i. 85n

Mungul, name applied to Tartars, i. 285.

(_See_ Mongol.)

Mungul-Temur and Mongo-Temur, see Mangu-Temur

Murad Beg, of Kunduz, i. 156n, 161n, 163n

Murghab River, i. 172n, 175n

Murray, Dr. J. A. H., on _Couvade_, ii. 93n

—— Hugh, ii. 133n, 141n, 175n, 208n, 212n, 486n

Murus Ussu (Brius, Upper Kiang), ii. 67n

Mus, Merdin (Mush, Mardin), i. 60, 62n

Musk, animal (Moschus), i. 275, 279n, 364, ii. 34, 35n, 45, 54

—— earliest mention of and use in medicine, i. 279n

Muslin, _see_ Mosolin

Mutfili (Motapallé for Telingana), ii. 359, 362n, 403n, 424;

its diamonds, 360–361, 362n;

identified, 362n

Muza, ii. 408n

Mynibar, ii. 426n

Mysore, ii. 427n

Mystic number, _see_ Numbers

Nac, Nasich, Naques (Nakh), a kind of brocade, i. 63, 65n, 285, 295n

_Nachetti_, silk stuff interwoven with gold, i. 65n

_Nakhut_, gold brocade, i. 65n

Nakkára (Naccara, Nacaires), the great kettledrum signalling action,

i. 338, 339n–341n, ii. 461

Nákshatra, ii. 368n

Nalanda, i. 306n

Nan-Chao, formerly Ai-Lao, Shan dynasty in Yun-nan, ii. 73n, 79n

Nancouri, ii. 308n

Nanghin (Ngan-king), ii. 154, 157, 171n

Nangiass, Mongol name of Manzi, ii. 144n

Nankau, archway in Pass of, with polyglot inscription, i. 28n

Nanking, not named by Polo, ii. 158n

Nanwuli, ii. 301n

Naobanján, i. 85n

Naoshirwan, i. 53n

Naphtha in the Caucasian country, i. 46, 49

—— Fire used in war by the Karaunahs, i. 101n

Napier, Sir C., i. 147n

Napoleon III., his researches and experiments on mediæval engines of

war, ii. 164n, 165n

Narikela-Dvipa, ii. 307n

Narin-Kaleh, fortress, i. 53n

Narkandam, volcanic island, ii. 312n

Narsinga, King of, ii. 347n

Narwhal tusk, mediæval Unicorn’s Horn, ii. 291n

Nasich, _see_ Nac

Nasruddin (Nescradin), officer in the Mongol Service, ii. 101, 104n,

111n, 114n

Nassir-uddin, Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi, _12_

Natigay, Tartar idol, i. 257, 258n, 456, ii. 479

Nava-Khanda, or Nine Divisions of Ancient India, i. 104n

Navapa (Lop?), i. 197n

Naversa (ancient Anazarbus), in Cilicia, under Taurus, i. 58n

Nayan, Kúblái’s kinsman, his revolt, i. 333, 334n;

Kúblái marches against, 335;

routed in battle, 337;

put to death by Kúblái, 343

Nearchus at Hormuz, i. 114n

Nebila and Mangla islands, ii. 405n

Nebuchadnezzar, i. 52n

Necklaces, precious, ii. 338, 346n

Necuveran, _see_ Nicobar

Negapatam, Chinese Pagoda at, ii. 336n

Negroes described, ii. 422

Negropont, i. 18, 19n, 36

Nellore, ii. 333n

Nemej, Niemicz (“Dumb”), applied to Germans by Slavs, ii. 493n

Nerghi, Plain of, ii. 499

_Neri_ (pigs), ii. 210n

Nescradin, _see_ Nasruddin

_Nesnás_ (a goblin), i. 202n

Nestorian Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n;

Tauris, 75, 77n;

Kashgar, 182;

Samarkand, 182, 186n;

Yarkand, 187;

Tangut, 203, 207n;

Kamul, 211n;

Chingintalas, 212;

Sukchur, 217;

Kampichu, Kan-chau, 219;

their diffusion in Asia, 237n;

among the Mongols, 241, 243n;

Erguiul and Sinju, 274;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 284, 285, 287n;

China, 291n;

Yachi, or Yun-nan fu, ii. 66, 74n;

Cacanfu, 132;

Yang-chau, 154n;

one in Polo’s suite, 159;

churches at Chinghianfu, 177;

church at Kinsay, 192;

at St. Thomas, 358n;

Patriarch of, 377n, 407;

Metropolitan, 377n, 409n

Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, i. 61n

Nevergún Pass, i. 112n

New Year Festival at Kúblái’s Court, i. 390

Neza Tash Pass, i. 172n

Ngan-king (Nanghin), ii. 154, 157, 171n

Ngan-ning-ho River, ii. 69n

Ngantung, Mongol general, ii. 462n

Ngo-ning, or Ho-nhi, ii. 120n, 121n

Nia (ancient Ni-jang), in Khotan, i. 195n

Nias Island, ii. 298n

Nibong Palm, ii. 305n

Nicaea of Alexander, i. 105n

Nicholson, Edward B., ii. 604n

Nicobar (Necuveran) Islands, ii. 306, 307n, 315n;

etymology and people, 308n

Nicolas of Pistoia, ii. 356n

Nicolas, Christian name of Ahmad Sultan, ii. 468n

—— Friar, of Vicenza, i. 22

Nicolas IV., Pope, ii. 474n

Nieuhoff, ii. 139n, 141n

Nigudar (Nogodar), Mongol princes, i. 98, 102n

Nigudarian bands, i. 98, 102n, 121n, 164n

Nilawár (Nellore), ii. 333n

Nile, sources of, ii. 415n, 438, 439n

Nileshwaram, ii. 388n

_Nímchah Musulmán_, “Half-and-Halfs,” i. 155n

Nine, auspicious number among Tartars, i. 390, 392n

Nine Provinces (India), i. 104n;

(China), ii. 190, 199n

Ning-hsia, or hia (Egrigaia), i. 282n, ii. 23n

Ningpo, ii. 224n

Ning-yuan fu, ii. 69n, 70n

Niriz, steel mines of, i. 86n, 92n

Nirvana, figures of Buddha in, i. 221n

Nishapúr, i. 150n

Niuché (Yuché), Chinese name for the Churchés or race of Kin Empire,

_12_, i. 28n, 231n

Noah’s Ark in Armenia, i. 46, 49n

Nobles of Venice, _14_;

Polo’s claim to be one, _ib._

Nochdarizari, mountains north of Kabul, i. 102n

Nogai Khan, ii. 496;

his intrigues and wars, 496–497;

his history, 497n;

wars with Toctai, 498

Nogodar (Nigudar), King of the Caraonas, story of, i. 98

Nomad tribes of Persia, i. 87n

Nomogan (Numughan), Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 460, 462n

None, _Nona_, _Nuna_, title given to younger brothers or subordinate

princes, i. 171, 173n

North, regions of the Far, ii. 479

North Star, _see_ Pole-Star

Note Book, Polo’s, ii. 193n

Novgorod, ii. 489n

Nubia, St. Thomas in, ii. 355;

alleged use of elephants in, 434n

Nukdaris, tribe west of Kabul, i. 102n

Nuksán Pass, i. 165n

Numbers, mystic or auspicious, ii. 108n, 347n;

Nine, i. 390, 392n;

one hundred and eight, ii. 347n

_Nuna_, _see_ None

Nusi-Ibrahim, ii. 414n

Nutmegs, ii. 272, 309n

Nyuché, or Churché, race of Kin Emperors, _see_ Niuché.

Oak of Hebron, _see_ Terebinth

Oaracta (Kishm, or Brakht), i. 115n

Obedience of Ismaelites, extraordinary, i. 144n

Obi River, ii. 481n, 484n

Observatory at Peking, i. 378n, 449n

Ocean Sea, i. 107, 270, ii. 3, 22, 36, 56, 146, 153, 189, 237n, 251,

487;

other seas, parts of, 265

Ocoloro Island, ii. 406n

Odoric, Friar, _117_, i. 49n, 59n, 76n, 81n, 89n, 110n, 117n, 202n,

288n, 314n, 370n, 375n, 384n, 385n, 426n, 437n, 441n, ii. 237n,

599n, 602n, 604n;

on Kinsay, 212n;

on Fuchau, 232n;

Zayton, 237n;

Java, 263n, 275n;

Champa, 271n;

Sumatra, 294n, 297n;

on sago tree, 304n;

on products of Ceylon, 315n;

St. Thomas’s, 358n;

Pepper Forest, 377n;

brazil-wood, 380n;

Thána, 396n

Oger, the Dane, i. 131n

Ogotai Khan, _see_ Okkodai

Oil from the Holy Sepulchre, i. 14, 19, 26;

fountain of (Naphtha) at Baku, 46, 49n;

whale, 108, 117n

—— head (Capidoglio, or Sperm whale), ii. 411, 414n

—— walnut and Sesamé, i. 158, 162n

Oirad, or Uirad (Horiad), a great Tartar tribe, i. 300, 308n

Okkodai Khan, third son of Chinghiz, _10_, i. 65n, 206n, 227n, 228n,

236n, 247n, 437n

Olak, Illuk, Aulak, _see_ Lac

Old Man of the Mountain (Aloadin), _124_, _127_, i. 139–146;

his envoys to St. Lewis, 47n;

account of, 139;

how he trained his Assassins, 142;

the Syrian, 144;

his subordinate chiefs, 143, 145n;

his end, 145;

modern representative, 147n

Oljaitu Khan, his correspondence with European princes, i. 14n, 36n,

362n;

his tomb, ii. 478n

Oman, ii. 348n, 452n

Omens, much regarded in Maabar, ii. 344, 351n;

by the Brahmans, 364, 368n, 369n

Onan Kerule, near Baikal, i. 236n

Ondanique (fine kind of steel), Andaine,

Andanicum, Hundwáníy, i. 90, 93n, 125n;

in Kerman, 90;

Chingintalas, 212, 215n

Oppert, Dr. Gustavus, Book on Prester John, _Der Presbyter Johannes

in Sage and Geschichte_, i. 231n–233n, 235n, 236n, 245n, 288n

Orang Gugu, ii. 301n

Orang Malayu River, ii. 281n

_Or Batuz_, i. 388n

Orbelian, John, identified by Bruun with Prester John, i. 233n–235n

Ordos, the Mongols of, i. 249n

Organa (Jerún), Persian Gerún, i. 115n

Oriental phrases in Polo’s dictation, _84_

Orissa, ii. 426n

Orkhon River, i. 227n

Orléans, defence of, ii. 165n

—— Isle d’, 277n

_Orloks_, or Marshals of the Mongol Host, i. 263, ii. 462n

Oroech, ii. 487, 489n

_Oron_, Mongol for a region or realm, i. 104n

_Orphani_, strange customs of the, ii. 298n

_Osci_, the word, ii. 350n

Ostriches, ii. 431, 437n

Ostyaks, ii. 484n

Otto, Bishop of Freisingen, i. 233n, 234n

Oulatay (Uladai), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n

_Ovis Poli_, _see_ Sheep

_Oweke_, _see_ Ucaca

Owen, Professor, ii. 417n

Owen, Rev. Gray, on the Lolos, ii. 69n

_Owo_, Mongol for Musk, i. 279n

Oxen, humped, in Kerman, i. 97, 99n;

wild, shaggy (Yaks), 274, 277n

—— wild (_Beyamini_), in East Tibet, ii. 50;

Burma, 111, 114n;

in Bengal, 115, 116n;

Anin, 119;

worshipped, 341, 365, 370n;

figures of, worn, 365, 370n

Oxenham, _Atlas_, i. 433n, ii. 12n, 14n, 67n, 157n

Oxydracae, the, i. 93n

_Oxyrhynchus_, ii. 434n

Oxus Valley and River, i. 152n, 161n, 172n, 173n, ii. 594n

_Ozene_, ii. 397n

Pacamuria (Baccanor), ii. 386n

Pacauta! (an invocation), ii. 338, 346n

Pacem, _see_ Pasei

Paddle-wheel barges, ii. 211n

Paderin, Mr., visits Karákorum, i. 228n

Pádishah Khátún of Kerman, i. 91n

Padma Sambhava, i. 164n

Pagán (in Burma), ii. 100n, 107n, 109n, 113n, 114n;

ruins at, _13_;

empire of, ii. 279n

—— Old (Tagaung), ii. 107n, 113n

Pagaroyang, inscriptions from, ii. 286n

Paggi Islands, ii. 298n

Pagodas, Burmese, ii. 110, 114n;

alleged Chinese in India, 336n–337n, 391n

Pahang, ii. 279n

Paï, or Peyih tribe, ii. 60n, 120n

Paipurth (Baiburt), i. 46, 49n

Pai-yen-ching, ii. 58n

_Paizah_, or Golden Tablet of Honour, i. 352n, 353n

—— and _Yarligh_, i. 322n, 352n

Pakwiha, China ware, ii. 243n

_Pala_, a bird, ii. 351n

Palace of Khan at Chagannor, i. 296;

at Chandu (Shangtu), 298;

of cane, 299;

at Langtin, 306;

Cambaluc, 362;

on Green Mount, 370;

at Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu), ii. 24, 29n;

of the Empire of Manzi at Kinsay, 191, 192, 206, 212n;

in Chipangu, paved and roofed with gold, 253, 256n, 275n

Palembang, ii. 281n, 283n

_Paliolle_, _Or de_, for gold dust, ii. 52n

Palladius, the Archimandrite, i. 187n, 198n, 215n, 225n, 227n, 248n,

251n, 256n, 270n, 276n, 279n, 282n, 287n, 288n, 291n, 304n,

306n, 308n, 310n, 319n, 327n, 334n, 336n, 344n–347n, 358n, 389n,

397n, 402n, 407n, 408n, 430n, 456n, 461n, ii. 178n

Palm (Measure), ii. 592n

Palm Wine, _see_ Wine of Palm

Pamier (Pamir), Plain of, i. 171;

its wild sheep, 171, 176n;

great height, 174n;

pasture, etc., 174n, 175n;

described by Hiuen Tsang, Wood, Goës, Abdul Mejid, Colonel Gordon

and others, 174n–176n;

Dr. M. A. Stein on, ii. 593n–594n;

Lord Curzon on number of, 594n

Pan-Asiatic usages, i. 324n, 326n, ii. 359n

Pandarani, or Fandaraina, ii. 386n, 391n

Pandit Manphul, i. 162n, 163n, 173n, 154n–156n, 160n, 161n, 422n, 438n

Pandrethan in Kashmir, Buddhist temple at, i. 167

Pandyan kings, ii. 333n–335n, 373n–374n

Panja River, or Upper Oxus, i. 170, 172n–174n

Panjáb, i. 104n

Panjkora, i. 104n

Panjshir, i. 162n, 165n, ii. 488n

Pantaleon, coins of, i. 163n

Panthé, or Mahomedan Kingdom in

Yun-nan, ii. 80n

Panya (or Pengya), in Burma, ii. 113n

Pao-ki h’ien, ii. 32n, 34n

Paonano Pao, i. 173n, ii. 593n

Papé, Papesifu, ii. 117n, 128n

Paper-money (Chao), Kúblái’s made from bark, i. 423–425, 426n–430n;

modern, 428n.

(_See_ also Currency.)

Papien River, ii. 128n

Paquier, Professor, i. 172n, 183n

Paradise, Apples of, i. 97, 99n

—— in legend of the Cross, 136n

—— of Persia, 114n

—— of the Old Man of the Mountain, i. 140, 142;

destroyed, 145

—— Rivers of, 9n

Parákráma Bahu I., ii. 334n

Paramisura, founder of Malacca, ii. 282n

_Parapomisadae_, ii. 402n

_Parasol_, i. 354n

Paravas, ii. 372n

Parez, Pariz, turquoise mines of, i. 92n

—— falcons of, 96n

Pariahs (_Paraiyar_), ii. 228n;

etymology of, ii. 349n

Parker, E. H., i. 263n, 291n, 312n, 345n, 360n, 381n, 433n, ii. 60n,

74n, 88n, 104n, 148n, 151n, 169n, 207n;

on Pasei, 296n

Parlák, or Perlak, _see_ Ferlec

—— Tanjong, ii. 287n

Parliament, Tartar, ii. 495

Parpa iron mines, i. 93n

Parrot, Professor, first to ascend Mount Ararat, i. 49n

Parrots, ii. 376, 431

Partridges, i. 88;

black, 99n;

Jirufti, 111n;

great (Chakors), 296, 297n;

in mew, 298n.

(_See_ also Francolin.)

Parwana, a traitor eaten by the Tartars, i. 312n

Paryán silver mines, i. 162n

Pascal of Vittoria, Friar, i. 9n

Pasei, Pacem (Basma), a kingdom of Sumatra, ii. 284–285, 288n–289n,

292, 296n, 305n

—— Bay of, 296n

—— History of, 288n–289n

Pasha-Afroz, i. 165n

Pasha and Pashagar tribes, i. 165n

Pashai, i. 164;

what region intended, 164, 165n

—— Dir, i. 98, 104n

Passo (or Pace), Venetian, ii. 280, 281n, 592n

Patarins, heretics, _108_, i. 303, 321n, ii. 342n

_Patera_, debased Greek, from Badakhshan, i. 159, 160n

Patlam, ii. 337n

_Patra_, or Alms-dish of Buddha, ii. 320, 328n;

miraculous properties, 330n;

Holy Grail of Buddhism, 330n

Patriarchs of Eastern Christians, i. 60, 61n, ii. 407, 409n.

(_See_ also Catholicos and Nestorian.)

Patteik-Kará, ii. 99n, 100n

Patterns, beast and bird, on silk, etc., i. 66n, 90, 95, 96n, 398n,

ii. 424n

Patu, _see_ Batu

Paukin (Pao-ying), ii. 152

Pauthier, G., remarks on text of Polo, _92_ _seqq._, _et passim_

Paved roads in China, ii. 189, 198n

—— streets of Kinsay, ii. 189

Payan, _see_ Bayan

Payangadi, ii. 387n

Pa-yi writing, specimen of, ii. 65n

Peaches, yellow and white (apricots), ii. 202, 210

Peacocks at St. Thomas’s, ii. 355;

special kind in Coilum, ii. 376

Pearls, i. 60, 107, 350, 387, 390, 394, 424, ii. 338, 373n;

in Caindu, 53, 56n, 231, 235;

rose-coloured in Chipangu, 254, 257n;

fishery of, 331, 332, 337n, 344, 372n;

pearls and precious stones of kingdom of Maabar, 338, 364, 368n

Pears, enormous, ii. 202, 210n

Pedir, ii. 289n

Pedro, Prince of Portugal, _110_, _135_

Pegu and Bengal confounded, ii. 99n, 115n, 128n

Pei-chau (Piju), ii. 141

Pein (Pim), province, i. 191, 192n;

site of, ii. 595n

Peking, white pagoda at, ii. 347n.

(_See_ Cambaluc.)

Pelly, Col. Sir Lewis, British Resident at Bushire, i. 85n, 86n,

110n, 114n, 117n

Pema-ching, ii. 35n

Pemberton, Captain R., ii. 79n

Pentam (Bintang), ii. 280n, 284

Pepper, daily consumption of, at Kinsay, ii. 204;

change in Chinese use of, 210n;

great importation at Zayton, duty on, 235, 242n;

white and black, 264, 272;

in Coilum, 375;

Eli and Cananore, 385, 388n;

Melibar, 389;

Guzerat, 393, 394n;

trade in, to Alexandria, 235, 389, 438

Pepper Country, ii. 377n

Peregrine falcons, i. 269, ii. 487

Perla (Ferlec), ii. 287n

Persia, extent of name to Bokhara, i. 10n;

spoken of, 75, 78;

three Magi of 78;

its eight kingdoms, 83

Persia and India, boundary of, ii. 402n

Persian applied to language of foreigners at Mongol Court, i. 380n,

ii. 5n

Persian Gulf (Sea of India?), i. 63, 64n

Pesháwar, ii. 330n

Peter, Tartar slave of Marco Polo’s, _72_

Pharaoh’s rats (Gerboa), i. 252, 254n, ii. 480, 517n

Phayre, Major-General Sir Arthur, ii. 100n, 105n, 113n, 114n

Pheasants, large and long tailed, i. 275, ii. 22, 153;

Reeves’s, i. 280n

Pheng (the Rukh), ii. 421n

Philip the Fair, i. 14n, 87n

Philip III. and IV. of France, i. 87n

Philippine Islands, ii. 265n, 266n

Phillips, G., ii. 220n–222n, 224n, 228n, 230n, 232n, 233n, 238n,

239n, 240n–241n, 278n, 279n, 296n, 297n, 308n, 314n, 315n, 596n

Phipps, Captain, ii. 373n

Phra Râma, Siamese kings so-called, ii. 278n

Phungan, Phungan-lu (Fungul?), ii. 127n, 129n

Physician, a virtuous, i. 461n

Physicians, ii. 203, 376

Pianfu (P’ing-yang fu), ii. 13, 16n, 25n

_Piccoli_, ii. 66, 74n

Pichalok, ii. 279n

Pievtsov, General, i. 188n;

expedition, 200n

Pigeon posts, i. 438n

Pig-shells, ii. 85

Piju (Pei-chau), ii. 141

Pilgrimage, to Adam’s Sepulchre in Ceylon, ii. 319;

to Shrine of St. Thomas, 353

“Pillar Road,” ii. 32n

Pima (Pim), i. 191, 192n

Pinati, king of Kaulam, ii. 380n

Pine woods in Mongolian desert, i. 224

—— in South China, ii. 251n

P’ing-chang, Fanchán, or second class Minister, i. 432n

P’ing-yang fu (Pianfu), ii. 13, 16n, 25n

Pinna-Cael (Punnei-Káyal), ii. 372n

Pipino, Friar Francesco, _66_, _81_, _95_, _103_, i. 19n, 22n, 23n,

144n, 156n, 395n, ii. 120n, 517n

Pirabandi or Bir Pandi (Vira Pandi), ii. 333n–335n

Pirada, ii. 305n

Pirates of Malabar, ii. 389–390n;

Guzerat 392;

Tana, 395;

Somnath, 400n;

Socotra, 407, 410n

Piratical customs at Eli, ii. 385, 390n

Pistachioes, i. 97, 114n, 125n, 153, 155n

Plane, Oriental or Chínár, i. 127, 128n, 131n, 135n, 138n

Plano Carpini, _15_, _passim_

Pog, or Fiag River, i. 54n

Poison, antidote to, ii. 79

Poisoning guests, custom of, ii. 84n

Poisonous pasturage, i. 217, 218n

Poison wind, i. 108, 120n

Poland, Mongol invasion of, ii. 493n

Pole, or Jackdaw on Polo’s scutcheon, _7_

Pole-star, invisible in Java the Less, ii. 284, 292;

visible again in India, 382, 389, 392, 397

Police, of Cambaluc, i. 414;

Kinsay, 187, 188

Politeness of Chinese, i. 457, 462n

Polo, Andrea, grandfather of Marco, _8_, _14_, _26_

—— Antonio, illegitimate son of Elder Marco, _26_

—— Bellela, second daughter, _69_, _71_;

died before 1333, _76_, ii. 506n

—— Donata, wife of Traveller, _69_, _71_;

sale of property to her husband, _30_, ii. 507, 512;

death between 1333–1336, _76_;

before Council, _77_;

may have been Loredano, _69_, _77_, ii. 510n, 512n, 518n, 520n

—— or Bragadino, Fantina, eldest daughter of Traveller, _69_, _71_,

_76_, ii. 506n, 513n

—— Felice, a cousin, _25_, _64_

—— Fiordelisa, wife of last, _25_, _65_

Polo, Fiordelisa, daughter of Maffeo the Younger, _17_, _64_

—— Maffeo, brother of Nicolo, _14_, _15_, _64_;

in Kan-chau, i. 220;

time of death between 1309 and 1318, _66_

—— Maffeo, brother of Traveller, _15_, _16_;

probabilities as to birth, _17_, _18_, _25_;

will of, _26_, ii. 510n;

abstract from, _64–66_

—— Marco, the elder son of Andrea,

Uncle of the Traveller, _14_;

his will, _17_, _25_, _26_, i. 4, ii. 510n

—— Marco, the Traveller, veracity, perplexities in his biography, _1_;

Ramusio’s notices, extracts from, _2_ _seqq._;

recognition of his names of places, paralleled with Columbus, _3_,

_105_;

nicknamed _Millioni_, _6_, _67_;

story of his capture at Curzola, _6_;

writes his book in prison at Genoa, _6_;

release and marriage, _7_;

arms, _7_;

claim to nobility, _14_;

supposed autograph, _ib._;

his birth, circumstances of, _15_;

is taken to East, _18_;

employed by Kúblái, mentioned in Chinese Records, _21_, _see_

i. 420;

mission to Yun-nan, _21_;

governor of Yang-chau, _22_;

employed at Kan-chau, Kara Korum, Champa and Indian Seas, _22_;

returns home, _23–24_;

mentioned in his Uncle Marco’s will, _25_;

commands a galley at Curzola, _46_;

taken prisoner and carried to Genoa, _48_;

his imprisonment there, _52_;

dictates his book to Rusticiano, _52_;

release and return to Venice, _52_;

evidence as to story of capture, _53–55_;

dying vindication of his book, _54_;

executor to his brother Maffeo, _64_;

record of exemption from municipal penalty, _66_;

gives copy of book to T. de Cepoy, _68_;

marriage and daughters, _69_;

lawsuit with Paulo Girardo, proceeding regarding house property,

_70_;

illness and last will, _70–74_;

probable date of death, _74_;

place of burial, _74_;

professed portraits of, _75–76_;

alleged wealth, _77_;

estimate of him and of his book, _104_ _seqq._;

true claims to glory, _106_;

faint indications of personality, _107_;

rare indications of humour, _108_;

absence of scientific notions, _109_;

geographical data in book, _109_;

his acquisition of languages, ignorance of Chinese, deficiencies in

Chinese notices, _110_;

historical notices, _111_;

allusions to Alexander, _113_;

incredulity about his stories, _115_;

contemporary recognition, _116_ _seqq._;

by T. de Cepoy, Friar Pipino, _118_;

J. d’Acqui, Giov. Villani, and P. d’Abano, _119_;

notice by John of Ypres, _121_;

borrowings in poem of Bauduin de Sebourc, _121_ _seqq._;

Chaucer and, _128_;

influence on geography, obstacles to its effect, _129_;

character of mediæval cosmography, _130_;

Roger Bacon as geographer, _131_;

Arab maps, _132_;

Marino Sanudo’s map, _133_;

Medicean, _134_;

Carta Catalana largely based on Polo’s, _134_;

increased appreciation of Polo’s book, _135_;

confusions of nomenclature, _136_;

introduction of block-printing into Europe and Polo, _138–141_;

dictates his narrative, i. 2;

found at Venice, 18;

his age, 19n, 22, 26;

noticed and employed by Kúblái, 27;

grows in favour, many missions, 30, 31;

returns from one to India, 32;

escapes from the Karaunas, 99, 106n;

hears of breed of Bucephalus, 158;

recovers from illness in hill climate, 159;

hears from Zulficar about Salamander, 213;

at Kan-chau, 220;

brings home hair of yak, 274;

and head and feet of musk deer, 275;

witnesses events connected with Ahmad’s death, 420, 422n;

noticed in Chinese annals, 422n;

whether he had to do with Persian scheme of paper currency in 1294,

428n;

sent by Khan into Western provinces, ii. 3;

governor of Yang-chau, 154;

probable extent of his authority, 157n;

aids in constructing engines for siege of Siang-yang, 159 _seqq._;

difficulties as to this statement, 167n _seqq._;

on number of vessels on Great Kiang, 170;

ignorant of Chinese, 183;

on greatness of Kinsay, 185;

his notes, 193n;

sent to inspect amount of revenue from Kinsay, 216;

his great experience, 236;

never in islands of Sea of Chin, 265;

in kingdom of Chamba, 268, 271n;

historical anecdotes, 270n;

detained five months in Sumatra, stockade party against wild

people, 292;

brings Brazil seed to Venice, 299;

partakes of tree-flour (sago), 300;

takes some to Venice, 305n;

in six kingdoms of Sumatra, 300;

witnesses arrest for debt in Maabar, 343;

his erroneous view of Arabian coast, _110_, ii. 452n;

Indian geography, 403n;

his unequalled travels, 501;

Venetian documents about him, 510n–521n

—— Marco, called Marcolino, son of Nicolo the Younger, _65_, _77_,

_78_, ii. 510n

—— Marco, last male survivor, _8_, _78_, _79_, ii. 510n

—— Marco, others of this name, _66_, _79_, _80_, ii. 508n, 509n

—— Maroca, sister of Nicolo the Younger, _15_, _25_, i. 4n

—— or Delfino, Moreta, youngest daughter, _69_, _71_, _76_, ii. 506n,

513n

Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, sons of Andrea, their first journey, _15_

_seqq._;

cross Black Sea to Soldaia, i. 2;

visit Volga country, etc., 4;

go to Bokhara, 9;

join envoys to Khan’s Court, 10;

Kúblái’s reception of, 11;

sent back as envoys to Pope, 13;

receive a Golden Tablet, 15;

reach Ayas, 16;

Acre, 17;

Venice, 18;

find young Marco there, _ib._

—— Nicolo, Maffeo and Marco, proceed to Acre, i. 19;

set out for East, recalled from Ayas, 20;

set out again with Pope’s letters, etc., 22;

reach Kúblái’s Court, 25;

are welcomed, 26;

_see_ on their journey outward, _19_;

their alleged service in capture of Siang-yang, _22_, ii. 158, 159;

Khan refuses them permission to return home, i. 32;

allowed to go with ambassadors, 33;

receive Golden Tablets, 34;

on return _see_ also _23_, _24_;

story of their arrival at Venice, _4_;

scheme to assert their identity, _5_

—— Nicolo, his alleged second marriage and sons, _7_, _15_;

probable truth as to time of, _17_;

his illegitimate sons, _25_;

approximate time of his death, _64_;

his tomb, _7_, _74_

—— Nicolo the Younger, cousin of

traveller, _15_, _25_, _65_, i. 4n

—— Stefano and Giovannino, illegitimate brothers of Traveller, _25_,

_30_, _65_

—— (?), or Trevisano(?), Fiordelisa, perhaps second wife of Nicolo

Polo the Elder, and mother of Maffeo the Younger, _17_, _25_, _27_

—— or Trevisano, Maria, last survivor of the family, _8_, _78_, _79_;

doubts as to her kindred, 79, ii. 510n

—— Family, its duration and end, according to Ramusio, _7–8_;

origin, _13_;

last notices of, _76_ _seqq._ (For relationship of different Polos,

_see_ table, ii. 506n.)

—— Family, branch of S. Geremia, _14_, _66_, ii. 507n–509n

_Po-lut_ (Pa-lut), _incense_, ii. 304n

Polygamy, i. 220, 252, 276, ii. 371;

supposed effect on population, i. 437n–438n, ii. 268, 339

_Pomilo_ (Pamir), i. 174n

_Pompholyx_, i. 126n

Ponent, or West, term applied by Polo to Kipchak, the Mongol Khanate

of the Volga, _see_ Kipchak

Pong (Mediæval Shan State), ii. 79n, 113n

Poods, Russian, i. 162n

Popinjays, i. 107

Population, vast, of Cathay, i. 437n–438n

Porcelain manufacture, ii. 235, 242n;

fragments found at Kayál, 373n;

Chinese, 595n

—— shells, _see_ Cowries

Porcupines, i. 154, 156n

Pork, mention of, omitted, ii. 210n

_Postín_, sheep-skin coat, i. 153, 155n

Posts, post-houses and runners, i. 433 _et seqq._, 438n;

in Siberia, ii. 480

Po-sz’ (Persia), ii. 437n

Potala at L’hasa, i. 319n

Pottinger, i. 94n, 96n

Poultry, kind of, in Coilum, ii. 376;

in Abyssinia (guinea-fowl?), 431, 437n

Pound, sterling, _71_, ii. 591n

_Pourpre_, or _Purpura_, i. 66n, 389n

P’o-yang Lake, ii. 243n

Pozdneiev, Professor, i. 228n

Precious stones or gems, _5_, i. 75, 76n, 107, 350, 390, 394, 424,

ii. 202, 231, 235, 236, 254, 264, 313, 315n, 338, 361, 362n;

how discovered by pirates, 392

Prester John (Unc Can, Aung or Ung Khan), i. 27n, 239;

Tartar tribute to, 226;

account of, 231n–237n;

marriage relations with Chinghiz, 239;

insults Chinghiz’ envoys, 239;

“these be no soldiers,” 240;

marches to meet Chinghiz, 241;

real site of battle with Chinghiz, 242;

his real fate, _ib._;

slain in battle, 244;

his lineage in Tenduc, 284, 288n;

and the Golden King, ii. 17–22

Prices of horses, _see_ Horses

Printing, imaginary connection of Polo’s name with introduction of

_139_ _seqq._

Private names supposed, i. 361n

Prjevalsky, Colonel N. M., i. 198n, 206n, 216n, 249n, 276n, 277n,

ii. 23n, 29n, 61n

Probation of Jogis, ii. 366;

parallel, 370n

Prophecy regarding Bayan, ii. 145, 149n

_Proques_, the word, ii. 370n

Prostitutes, at Cambaluc, i. 414;

Kinsay, ii. 202–203

Provinces, thirty-four of Kúblái’s Empire, i. 430

Pseudo-Callisthenes, _113_, i. 56n, 57n

Ptolemies’ trained African elephants, ii. 434n

Ptolemy, _2_, _129_, _131_, i. 24n, 88n, 91n;

Sarmatic Gates, i. 53n

P’u-chau fu, ii. 25n, 26n

Pu-ch’eng, ii. 224n

Puer and Esmok, ii. 57n, 117n

Pukan Mien-Wang, ii. 113n

Pulad Chingsang, ii. 218n

Pulisanghin, River and Bridge, _111_, _136_, ii. 3–4, 5n

Pulo Bras, ii. 307n

Pulo Condore (Sondur and Condur), ii. 276, 277n

Pulo Gommes (Gauenispola), ii. 307n

Pulo Nankai, or Nási, ii. 307n

Pulo Wé, Wai, or Wey, ii. 307

Punnei-Káyal, ii. 372n

Puránas, the, i. 58n

_Purpura_, _see_ _Pourpre_

Putchok, ii. 397n

Putu-ho, “Grape R.,” ii. 16n

Pygmies, factitious(?), ii. 285

Qal’ah Asgher, hot springs at, i. 122n

Qara Arslán Beg, king of Kermán, i. 92n

Quails in India, ii. 345

Queen of Mutfili, ii. 360

Quicksilver and sulphur potion, ii. 365, 369n

—— as regarded by alchemists, 369n

Quills of the Ruc, _see_ Ruc

Quilon, Kaulam, etc., _see_ Coilum

Qumādin (Camadi), i. 113n

Rabelais, i. 100n

Rabbanta, a Nestorian monk, i. 243n

Radloff, Dr. W., i. 28n;

map, 229n, 230n

Ráin, i. 113n

Rainald, of Dassel, Archbishop, i. 82n

Rain-makers, _see_ Conjurers

Rainy season, ii. 343, 351n

Rajkot leather-work, ii. 395

Rakka, Rákshasas, ii. 298n, 308n, 312n

Rama Kamheng, king, ii. 278n

Rameshwaram, ii. 335n

Ramnad, ii. 335n

Rampart of Gog and Magog, i. 57n, 292n

Ramusio, Giov. Battista, _passim_;

his biographical notices of Polo, _2_ _et seqq._, _52_;

his edition of Polo, _96–101_, ii. 208n, 212n, 374n

Ráná Paramitá’s Woman Country, ii. 405n

Ranking, John, i. 339n

Raonano-Rao, i. 173n, ii. 593n

Rapson, E. J., ii. 595n

Ras Haili, ii. 386n

—— Kumhări, ii. 383n

Rashíduddín, _alias_ Fazl-ulla Rashid, Persian statesman and

historian of the Mongols, _121_;

frequently quoted in the Notes.

Ravenala tree (_Urania speciosa_), ii. 421n, 597n

Raw meat eaten, ii. 66, 76n, 85

Rawlinson, Sir H., i. 58n, 82n, 85n, 87n, 114n, 115n, 152n, 166n,

192n, 195n

Reclus, _Asie russe_, i. 54n;

on Caspian Sea fisheries, 59n

Red gold and red Tangas, ii. 349n

_Re Dor_, ii. 19n

Red Sea, trade from India to Egypt by, ii. 438;

described in some texts as a river, 439n;

possible origin of mistake _93_

Red sect of Lamas, i. 315n, 319n

Refraction, abnormal, ii. 419n

_Reg Ruwán_, of Kabul, i. 202n

—— of Seistán, i. 202n

Reindeer ridden, i. 269, 271n

Religion, indifference of Chinghizide Princes to, i. 14n, 349n,

ii. 477n;

occasional power of among Chinese, i. 460n _seqq._

Remission of taxation by Kúblái, i. 439

Rennell, Major James, ii. 402n

Reobarles (Rúdbár, etc.), i. 97, 109, 111n, 114n

Revenue of Kinsay, ii. 189, 190, 215 _et seqq._

Rhinoceros (Unicorn), in Sumatra, ii. 285, 290n;

habits, 290n;

four Asiatic species, 289n

—— _Tichorinus_, ii. 419n

Rhins, Dutreuil de, i. 190n, 192n, 276n

Rhubarb, _Rheum palmatum_, i. 217, 218n, 279n, ii. 181, 183n

Riant, Comte, ii. 593n

Ricci, Matteo, i. 347n, 451n, 454n

Rice, ii. 33, 56, 85, 115, 117, 123, 174, 202, 292, 300, 313, 342,

354, 360, 401, 404, 423, 431

Rice-wine, i. 441n;

at Yachi, ii. 66

—— trade on Grand Canal, ii. 174

Richard II., i. 42n

Richthofen, Baron F. von, i. 106n, 198n, 218n, 295n, ii. 14n–16n, 19n,

23n, 26n, 27n, 29n, 32n, 34n, 35n, 38n, 40n, 42n, 45n, 48n, 57n,

60n, 67n, 80n;

on Fungul, 129n;

on Tanpiju, 220n

Right and Left, ministers of the, i. 432n

Rio Marabia, ii. 387n

_Rishis_ (Eremites) of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n

“River of China,” ii. 222n, 243n

Roads radiating from Cambaluc, i. 433

Robbers in Persia, i. 84, 87n, 98, 99, 101n

Robbers’ River, i. 114n

Robes distributed by Kúblái, i. 387, 388n, 394

Roborovsky, Lieutenant, i. 188n

Rochefort, “faire la couvade,” ii. 94n

Rockets, i. 342n

Rockhill (_Rubruck_ and _Diary of a Journey_), i. 5n, 8n, 9n, 277n,

279n, 282n, 283n, 294n, 295n, 306n, 308n–310n, 312n, 319n, 321n,

324n, 325n, 353n, 354n, 384n, 385n, 389n, 393n, 429n, 437n,

ii. 491n;

on the titles Khan, Khatun, etc., _10_;

on horn horse-shoes, i. 177n;

earliest mention of name Mongol in Oriental works, 294n;

Mongol storm-dispellers, 310n;

charge of cannibalism against Tibetans, 312n;

on Bönbo Lamas, 325n;

Tablets (_hu_), 354n;

mechanical contrivances at E. Court, 385n;

Mongol etiquette, 393n;

Chinese leather-money, 429n;

Mongol post-stations, 437n;

pocket-spitoons, 462n;

from Peking to Si-ngan fu, ii. 5n;

descent of Yellow River, 23n;

road between T’ung-kwan and Si-ngan fu, 27n;

two famous Uigur Nestorians, 28n;

on the word Salar, 29n;

on the Hui-hui sects, 30n;

on the Alans, 180n;

on branch of Volga Bulgars, 489n

Rofia palm _(sagus ruffia_), ii. 597n

_Roiaus dereusse_(?), ii. 395n

Rome, the Sudarium at, i. 213

_Rondes_, ingenious but futile explanation of, i. 410n

_Rook_, in Chess, ii. 419n

Rori-Bakkar, Sepoy name for Upper Sind, i. 86n

Rosaries, Hindu, ii. 338, 347n

Rostof and Susdal, Andrew, Grand Duke of, i. 7n

Roth, H. Ling, on _couvade_, ii. 596n

Rouble, ii. 488n

Roxana, daughter of Darius, wife of Alexander, i. 151, 152n, 157

Roze de l’Açur, i. 370n

Rubies, Balas, _5_, i. 157, 161n;

of Ceylon, ii. 313, 315n;

of Adam’s Peak, 316n

Rubruquis, or Rubruc, Friar William de, _15_, _104_, _132_, i. 57n,

65n, 227n, 230n, 239n, 242n, 253n, 264n, 278n, 308n, 309n, 354n,

384n, 385n, 389n, 426n, 437n

Ruby mines in Badakhshan, i. 161n

Ruc (Rukh), or Gryphon, bird called, described, ii. 412–413;

its feathers and quills, 413, 420n, 596n–598n;

wide diffusion and various forms of fable, 415n;

eggs of the Aepyornis, 416n;

Fra Mauro’s story, 417n;

genus of that bird, condor, 417n, 420n;

discovery of bones of _Harpagornis_ in New Zealand, 418n;

Sindbad, Rabbi Benjamin, romance of Duke Ernest, 418n;

Ibn Batuta’s sight of Ruc, 419n;

rook in chess, 419n;

various notices of, 420n–421n

Rúdbár-i-Laṣṣ, Robbers’ River, i. 114n

—— (Reobarles), district and River, i. 97, 109, 111n, 114n

Rudder, single, noted by Polo as peculiar, i. 108;

double, used in Mediterranean, 117n

Rúdkhánah-i-Duzdi (Robbers’ River), i. 114n

Rúdkhánah-i-Shor (Salt River), i. 111n

Rudra Deva, King of Telingana, ii. 362n

Rudrama Devi, Queen of Telingana, ii. 362n

Rukh, Shah, i. 86n, 191n, 211n, 218n, 392n, 396n

Ruknuddin, Mahmud, Prince of Hormuz, i. 120n

—— Masa’úd, i. 120n

—— Khurshah, son of Alaodin, Prince of the Ismaelites, i. 146n

Rúm, i. 44n

Runiz, i. 86n

Ruomedam-Ahomet, King of Hormuz, i. 110, 121n

Rupen, Bagratid, founder of Armenian State in Cilicia, i. 42n

Rupert, Prince, ii. 486n

Rüppell’s Table of Abyssinian kings, ii. 435n

Russia (Rosia), annexes Georgia, i. 53n, ii. 486;

great cold, Arab accounts of, 487;

silver mines, 488n;

subject to Tartars, 489n;

conquered by Batu, 489n

—— leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n;

clothes of, 295n

Russians, trusty lieges of king, ii. 348n

Rusták, i. 173n

Rusticiano of Pisa, introduces himself in prologue, i. 1, 141n, 263n;

writes down Polo’s book, _52_, _55_ _seqq._, _84_, _112_;

extracts and character of his compilation, _61_ _seqq._, _143_;

his real name, _61_;

his other writings, _89_

Ruysch’s map, _135_

Saadi, i. 85n

Saba (Sava, Savah), city of the Magi, i. 78, 80, 81n

Sabaste, _see_ Sivas

Sable, its costliness, i. 405, 409n–410n, ii. 479, 481, 484, 486n, 487

Sabreddin, ii. 437n

Sabzawur, i. 150n

Sachiu (Sha-chau), i. 203, 206n

Sacrifices of people of Tangut, i. 204

—— human, i. 208n, ii. 303n

_Sadd-i-Iskandar_, rampart of Alexander, i. 53n, 54n, 57n

Saffron, fruit-serving purposes of, ii. 225, 226n

Sagacity of sledge-dogs, ii. 483n

Sagamon Borcan, _see_ Sakya Muni Buddha

Sagatu, general of Kúblái’s, ii. 267, 270n

Saggio (⅙ oz.), i. 350, 353n, ii. 54, 57n, 76, 215, 216, 217n, 339,

347n, 592n

Sago, ii. 300, 304n, 305n

Saianfu, _see_ Siang-yang-fu

Saif Arad, king of Abyssinia, ii. 437n

Saifuddin Nazrat, ruler of Hormuz, i. 120n

Saimur (Chaul), ii. 367n

Sain Khan (or Batu), ii. 490, 491

St. Anno of Cologne, i. 130n

St. Barlaam and St. Josafat, story of a Buddhist christianised,

ii. 323n _seqq._

St. Barsauma (Barsamo, Brassamus), and monastery of, i. 77

St. Blasius (Blaise), Church at Sivas, i. 43, 45n

St. Brandon, ii. 312n

St. Buddha! ii. 325n _seqq._

St. Epiphanius, ii. 362n

St. George, Church of, in Sivas, i. 45n;

at Quilon, ii. 377n

St. Helena, i. 58n

St. James’ Shrine, Gallicia, ii. 319

St. John the Baptist, Church of, in Samarkand, i. 185

—— Major Oliver, i. 57n, 92n, 96n, 105n, 112n, 114n, 120n

St. Leonard’s Convent in Georgia, and the fish miracle, i. 52, 58n

St. Lewis, i. 27n, 47n, 67n, 87n;

his campaign on the Nile, ii. 165n, 593n

St. Martin, Vivien de, Map, i. 164n, 192n

St. Mary’s Island, Madagascar, ii. 414n

St. Matthew, Monastery near Mosul, i. 61n

St. Matthew’s Gospel, story of the Magi, i. 82n

St. Nina, i. 58n

St. Sabba’s at Acre, _42_

St. Thomas, the Apostle, ii. 321n, 323n, 325n;

his shrine in India, 341, 353, 355n;

his murderers, and their hereditary curse, 350n;

reverenced by Saracens and heathen, 353;

miracles in India, 354, 356n;

story of his death, 355, 357n;

tradition of his preaching in India, 356n;

translation of remains to Edessa, 357n;

King Gondopharus of legend a real king, 357n;

Roman Martyrology, 357n;

the localities, 358n;

alleged discovery of reliques, 358n _seqq._;

the Cross, 358n;

church ascribed to, 378n;

in Abyssinia, 427

St. Thomas’s Isle, ii. 403n

—— Mounts, ii. 358n

Saker falcons, i. 158, 162n, 223, ii. 50

Sakta doctrines, i. 323n

Sakya Muni (Sagamon Borcan) Buddha, i. 164n, 324n, 348n, ii. 265n,

308n;

death of, i. 170n;

recumbent figures of, 219, 221n;

story of, ii. 316 _seqq._;

his footmark on Adam’s Peak, 321n;

Alms dish, Holy Grail, 328n–330n;

tooth relique, 319–320, 330n

Salamander, the, i. 213, 216n

Salar (Ho-chau), ii. 29n

Salem, dragoman, explores Rampart of Gog, i. 57n

Salghur, Atabegs of Fars, i. 85n, 121n

Sálih, Malik, son of Badruddín Lúlú, i. 61n

Salsette Island, ii. 325n, 396n

Salt, H., his version of Abyssinian chronology, ii. 435n

—— rock, in Badakhshan, i. 153, 154n;

used for currency, ii. 45, 54, 57n;

extracted from deep wells, 58n, 66, 76n;

in Carajan province, 66, 76n;

manufactured in Eastern China, 133;

manufacture, revenue and traffic in, 152, 153, 155n, 215, 216, 217n;

trade on the Kiang, 171;

junks employed therein, 174n

—— stream, i. 124n

Salwen River, or Lu-Kiang, i. 323n

Samagar, ii. 471, 474n

Samána, ii. 427n

Samara, kingdom of, _see_ Sumatra

Samarkand (Samarcan), i. 57n, 62n, ii. 458, 462;

story of a miracle at, i. 183, 186n;

colony near Peking from, 291n

Sampson, Theos., on grapes in China, ii. 16n

_Sámsúnji Báshi_, i. 401n

Samudra, _see_ Sumatra

Samuel, his alleged tomb at Sávah, i. 81n

San Giovanni Grisostomo, parish in Venice where the Ca’ Polo was,

_4_, _26_, _53_, _70_, _71_, _76_;

theatre, _28_

San Lorenzo, Venice, burial place of Marco and his father, _7_, _71_,

_74_

Sandu, _see_ Chandu

Sanf, _see_ Champa

Sangín, Sangkan River, ii. 5n, 6n

Sanglich, dialect of, i. 160n

Sang-Miau, tribe of Kwei-chau, ii. 82n

Sangon, the Title (Tsiang-kiun), ii. 136, 138n

Sanitary effects of Mountain air, i. 158

Sanjar, sovereigns of Persia, i. 233n

Sankin Hoto, Dalai, i. 215n

Sanuto of Torcelli, Marino, _118_, i. 17n, 23n, 24n, 42n, 59n, 67n,

77n, 144n;

his World Map, _133_;

on long range, ii. 166n

Sappan wood, _see_ Brazil

Sapta-Shaila, ii. 386n

Sapurgan (Sabúrḳán, Shabúrḳán, Shibrgán), i. 149, 150n

_Saputa_, _Sçue_, peculiar use of, i. 437n

Saracanco (Saraichik), on the Yaik, i. 6n

Saracens, _see_ Mahomedans

Sarai (Sara), capital of Kipchak, i. 4;

city and its remains, 5n;

perhaps occupied successive sites, 6n

—— Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n, ii. 494

_Sáras_, crane (_grus Antigone_), i. 297n

Saratov, i. 9n

Sarbizan Pass, i. 113n

Sardines, ii. 444n

Sárdú Pass, i. 113n

Sarghalan River, i. 156n

Sărha, Port of Sumatra, ii. 294n

Sarhadd River, i. 175n

Sar-i-kol, Lakes, i. 163n, 172n

Sarsati, ii. 427n

Sartak, the Great Khan’s ambassador to Hulákú, i. 10n, 14n

Sassanian dynasty, i. 61n

Sati, _see_ Suttee

Satin, probable origin of word, ii. 241n

_Saum_, _Sommo_, silver ingots used in Kipchak, ii. 488n;

apparently the original rouble, 488n

_Sauromatae_, ii. 466n

Sávah (Saba), i. 78, 80, 81n

Savast (Siwas), i. 43, 44n

Scanderoon, Gulf of, i. 16n

Scasem, i. 156n

Scherani, bandits, i. 101n

Schiltberger, Hans, i. 131n

Schindler, General Houtum-, i. 89n, 96n, 99n, 100n, 105n, 106n,

112n–115n, 122n, 126n, 308n, 310n, 314n

Schlegel, Dr. G., i. 342n, 437n, 441n, ii. 281n, 596n

Schmidt, Professor I. J., i. 201n, 294n

Schönborn, Carl, ii. 601n

Schuyler, Eugene, i. 54n

Scidmore, Miss E., on the Tide, ii. 209n

Scotra, _see_ Socotra

Sea of Chin, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n

—— England, ii. 265

—— Ghel, or Ghelan, i. 52

—— India, i. 35, 63, 108, 166, ii. 265, 424

—— Rochelle, ii. 265

—— Sarain, i. 59, ii. 494

Seal, Imperial, i. 366, 424

Sebaste, _see_ Sivas

Sebourc, Bauduin de, _see_ _Bauduin de Sebourc_

Sees of Latin Church, i. 186n, ii. 237n, 377n

—— Nestorian Church, i. 91n, 183n, 186n, 207n, 211n

Sefavíehs, the, i. 90n

Seilan, _see_ Ceylon

Self-decapitation, ii. 349n

Selitrennoyé Gorodok (Saltpetre Town), i. 5n, 6n

Seljukian dynasty, i. 44n

—— Turks, i. 91n

_Selles, chevaux à deux_, the phrase, ii. 440n

Semal tree, ii. 394n

Semedo, ii. 211n

Semenat, _see_ Somnath

Sempad, Prince, High Constable of Armenia, i. 186n, 352n

Sendal, a silk texture, ii. 10n, 37, 132, 182, 390, 464

_Sendaus_, generally Taffetas, ii. 10n

Sendemain, king of Seilan, ii. 313

Seneca, _Epistles_, i. 14n

Senecherim, king of Armenia, i. 45n

Seni, Verzino, ii. 380n

_Senshing_, i. 332n

Sensin, ascetics, devotees living on bran, i. 303, 321n–327n

Sentemur, ii. 98

Sepulchre of Adam, _see_ Adam’s Sepulchre

—— of our Lord, i. 19;

oil from, 14, 19, 26

Serano, Juan de, ii. 295n

Serazi (Shíráz), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 85n

Serendib, ii. 314n

_Seres_, _Sinae_, _12_;

their tree wool, ii. 137n;

ancient character of the, 211n

Serpents, great, _i.e._ alligators, ii. 76 _seqq._, 81n, 360

Sertorius, ii. 348n

Sesamé, i. 158, 162n, ii. 431

_Sesnes_, mediæval form of _cygnes_, _cigni_, i. 297n

_Seta Ghella_, _seta Leggi_ (Ghellé), silk, i. 59n

Seth’s mission to Paradise, i. 136n

Sevan Lake, i. 58n

Seven Arts, the, i. 13, 14n

Severtsof, shoots the _Ovis Poli_, i. 175n, 177n;

on the name Bolor, 179n

Seyyed Barghash, Sultan of Zanzibar, ii. 420n

Shabánkára, or Shawánkára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n–86n

Shabar, son of Kaidu, ii. 459n

Sha-chau (Sachin), “Sand-district,” i. 203, 206n

Shadow, augury from length of, ii. 364

Sháh Abbás, i. 310n;

his Court, 385n

—— Jahan, i. 168n

Shahr-i-Babek, turquoise mine at, i. 92n

Shahr-i-Nao (Siam), ii. 279n

Shahr Mandi, or Pandi, ii. 333n

Shah Werdy, last of the Kurshid dynasty, i. 85n

Shaibani Khan, ii. 481n

_Shaikh-ul-Jibal_, i. 142n, 144n, 145n

Shaikhs (Esheks), in Madagascar, ii. 411, 413n

Shakespeare, on relation of gold to silver, ii. 95n

Sháliát, ii. 440n

Shamanism, i. 257n, 315n, 324n, 325n, ii. 97n.

(_See_ also Devil-Dancing.)

Shampath, ancestor of Georgian kings, i. 52n

Shamsuddin Shamatrani, ii. 303n

Shamuthera, _see_ Sumatra

Shan (Laotian, or _Thai_), ii. 74n, 90n, 96n, 113n, 278n

—— race and country, ii. 117n, 128n

—— dynasty in Yun-nan, ii. 73n, 79n

—— ponies, ii. 82n

—— state of Pong, _see_ Pong

Shanars of Tinnevelly, ii. 97n;

their devil-worship, 359n

Shang-hai, ii. 238n

Shangking-Fungking, i. 345n

Shangtu, Shangdu (Chandu), i. 25n;

Kúblái’s City and Summer Palace, 298, 304n;

Dr. Bushell’s description of, 304n;

Kúblái’s annual visit to, 308n, 410

Shangtu Keibung, i. 306n, 308n

Shan-hai-kwan, i. 407n

Shankárah, Shabankára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n, 86n

Shan-si, ii. 12n, 14n, 15n, 23n, 25n, 32n, 135n, 143n, 167n

Shan-tung, ii. 137n, 141n, 143n;

silk in, 136, 137n;

pears from, 210n

Shao-hing-fu, ii. 220n–222n

Shao-ling, pariah caste of, ii. 228n

Sharakhs, i. 149n

Shara-ul-buks (Forest of box on the Black Sea), i. 57n

Sharks and shark charmers, ii. 332–337n

Shauls, or Shúls, the, i. 85n, 87n

Shawánkára (Soncara), i. 83, 85n, 86n

Shaw, R. B., i. 169n, 178n, 195n, 276n, 315n, ii. 16n

Shawls of Kerman, i. 96n

Sheep, fat-tailed in Kerman, i. 97, 100n

—— four-horned at Shehr, ii. 443, 494n

—— large Indian, ii. 361

—— none in Manzi, ii. 219

—— of Pamir (_Ovis Poli_), i. 171, 176n

—— wild, of Badakhshan (Kachkar, _Ovis Vignei_), i. 158, 162n

—— with trucks behind, 100n

—— Zanghibar, ii. 422, 424n

Sheep’s head given to horses, ii. 351n

Shehr, or Shihr, _see_ Esher

Shehrizor (Kerkuk), i. 62n

Shenrabs, i. 324n

Shen-si, ii. 23n, 25n, 26n, 31n, 32n, 167n, 237n

Shentseu tribe, ii. 120n

Sheuping, ii. 120n

Shewá, cool plateau of, i. 163n

Shibrgán (Sapurgan), i. 149, 150n

Shieng, Sheng, or Sing, the Supreme Board of Administration, i. 431,

432n, ii. 154, 157n

_Shien-sien_, _Shin-sien_, i. 322n

Shighnan (Syghinan), ruby mines, i. 157, 161n, 172n

_Shijarat Malayu_, or Malay Chronicle, ii. 287n, 288n, 294n, 296n,

300n, 302n

Shikárgáh, applied to animal pattern textures, Benares brocades,

i. 66n

Shing-king, or Mukden, i. 345n

Ships, of the Great Khan, ii. 142;

of India at Fuju, 231;

of Manzi described, 249–251;

mediæval, accounts of, 252n–253n;

in Japan, 264;

in Java Seas, 274n;

at Eli, 386

Shíráz (Cerazi), i. 83, 85n

Shireghi, ii. 462n

Shirha, ii. 436n

Shirwan, ii. 495n

Shi-tsung, Emperor, i. 310n

Shoa, ii. 434n, 436n

Shob’aengs of Nicobar, ii. 308n

Shodja ed-din Kurshid, Kurd, i. 85n

Shor-Rud (Salt River), i. 124n

Shot of Military Engines, ii. 159, 163n, 164n–168n

Shpilevsky, i. 8n

Shúlistán (Suolstan), i. 83, 85n

Shúls or Shauls, people of Persia, i. 83n, 85n

Shut up nations, legend of the, _114_, _136_, i. 57n

Shwéli River, ii. 107n

Siam, ii. 277n–280n;

king of, 278n

Siang-yang-fu (Saianfu), Kúblái’s siege of, Polo’s aid in taking,

_22_, _112_, ii. 158, 159;

difficulties in Polo’s account, 167n;

not removed by Pauthier, notice by Wassáf, Chinese account,

Rashiduddin’s, 168n;

treasure buried, 169n

Siberia, ii. 479–481n

Sibree, on rofia palm, ii. 597n

Sick men put to death and eaten by their friends, ii. 293, 298n

_Siclatoun_, kind of texture, i. 283n

Siddhárta, ii. 322n

Sidi Ali, i. 152n, 165n, 277n, ii. 5n, 402n, 444n, 453n

Sien, Sien-Lo, Sien-Lo-Kok (Siam, Lo-cac), ii. 277n–280n

Sifan, ii. 60n, 61n, 70n

Sigatay, _see_ Chagatai

Sighelm, envoy from King Alfred to India, ii. 357n

Si Hia, language of Tangut, i. 29n

Si-hu, Lake of Kinsay or Hang-chau, ii. 186, 196n, 205n–207n, 211n,

214n

Sijistán, i. 102n

Siju (Suthsian), ii. 141

Sikintinju (Kien-chow), i. 343, 345n

Silesia, Mongol invasion of, ii. 493n

Silk, called Ghellé (of Gilan), i. 52;

manufacture at Yezd, 88n;

at Taianfu, ii. 13;

in Shan-si and Shen-si, 22, 23n;

in Kenjanfu, 24;

Cuncun, 31;

Sindafu, 42n;

Kwei-chau, 126, 128n;

Tasinfu, 136, 137n;

Piju, 141;

Pao-ying-Hien, 152;

Nanghin, 157;

Chinhiang-fu, 176;

Chinginju, 178;

Suju, 181n;

Vughin, 182;

Kinsay, 187, 198n, 216;

Ghiuju, 219

—— cotton tree, ii. 394n

—— duty on, ii. 216

—— and gold stuffs, i. 41, 60, 63, 75, 107, 257, 285, 383, 387, 415,

ii. 10, 24, 132, 152, 157, 176, 181, 206, 238n, 390, 411

—— stuffs and goods, Turcomania, i. 43;

Georgia, 50;

Baghdad, 63;

Yezd, 88;

Kerman, 90;

Tenduc province, 285;

Cambaluc, 415;

Juju, ii. 10;

Sindafu, 37;

Cacanfu, 132;

Chinangli, 135;

Suju, 181;

Vughin, 182;

Kinsay, 187;

in animal patterns, 63, 90;

with Cheetas, i. 398n;

of Kelinfu, ii. 225;

with giraffes, 424n

Silk, tent ropes, i. 405;

bed furniture, 434

—— trade at Cambaluc, i. 415;

at Kinsay, ii. 187

—— worms, ii. 13, 24

Silver chairs, i. 351, 355n

—— imported into Malabar, ii. 390;

Cambay, 398

—— Island, ii. 174n

—— mines at Baiburt, i. 46;

Gumish-Khánah, 49n;

in Badakhshan, 157;

in N. Shansi, 285, 295n;

Yun-nan, ii. 95n;

Russian, 487, 488n

—— plate in Chinese taverns, ii. 187, 196n

Simon, Metropolitan of Fars, ii. 377n

—— Magus, i. 314n

Simúm, effects of, i. 109, 120n

Simurgh, ii. 415n, 419n

Sinbad, his story of the diamonds, ii. 362n;

of the Rukh, 418n

Sind (Sindhu-Sauvira), _12_, i. 104n, 105n

Sindábúr (Goa), ii. 390n, 440n

Sindachu (Siuen-hwa fu), i. 285, 295n

Sindafu (Chengtu-fu), ii. 36, 38n, 127, 128n

Sindhu-Sauvira (Sindh-Ságor), i. 104n

Si-ngan fu (Kenjanfu), ii. 24n, 25n, 29n, 34n;

Christian inscription at, 27n, 29n

Singapore, Singhapura, i. 37n, ii. 279n, 281n, 305n

Singkel, ii. 300n

Singphos, ii. 82n, 90n

Sings, ii. 238n

Singtur, Mongol Prince, ii. 111n

Singuyli (Cranganor), ii. 426n

Sinhopala (Accambale), king of Chamba, ii. 267

Sinju (Si-ning fu), i. 274, 276n

—— (Ichin-hien), ii. 170

Sinju-matu, ii. 137, 138

Sínkalán, Sín-ul-Sín, Mahá-chin, or Canton, i. 294n, ii. 175n, 243n,

252n

Sinope, i. 45n

Síráf (Kish, or Kais?), i. 65n

Sir-i-Chashma, i. 58n

Sirikol, Lake and River, i. 174n, 176n, 182n

Sírján or Shirján, i. 92n, 122n

Sis, i. 42n

Sístán, i. 61n

Sitting in air, i. 315n, 316n

Siu-chau, ii. 129n–131n

Siuen-hwa-fu, _see_ Sindachu

Siva, ii. 321n, 334n

Sivas, Siwas, Sebaste, Sevasd (Savast), i. 43, 44n, 45n

Siwastán, ii. 427n

Siwi, gigantic cotton in, ii. 394n

Sixtus V., Pope, ii. 326n

_Siya-gosh_, or lynx, i. 399n

Siyurgutmish, i. 91n

Sladen, Major, ii. 82n, 90n, 95n, 107n, 198n

Slaves in Bengal, ii. 115

Sledges, dog-, ii. 480, 481n–483n

Sleeping-mats, leather, ii. 394, 395n

Sluices of Grand Canal, ii. 175n

Smith, G., Bishop of Hongkong, i. 347n

Smith (R.E.), Major R. M., i. 89n, 96n,

99n, 106n, 111n–114n

Sneezing, omen from, ii. 364n

Socotra (Scotra), island of, ii. 404, 406, 408n;

history of, 408n–410n;

Christian Archbishop, 406;

aloes of, 409n

Soer (Suhar), ii. 340, 348n

Sofala, trade to China from, ii. 400n

Sogoman Borcan, _see_ Sakya Muni

Sol, Arbre, _see_ Arbre

Soldaia, Soldachia, Sodaya (the Oriental Sudák), _15_, _26_, i. 2,

3n, 4

Soldan, a Melic, ii. 470, 472

Soldurii, trusty lieges of Celtic kings, ii. 348n

Soli, Solli (_Chola_, or Tanjore), kingdom of, ii. 335n, 364, 368n,

403n

Solomon, house of, in Abyssinia, ii. 434n

Soltania, Archbishop of, ii. 213n.

(_See_ Sultaniah.)

Somnath (Semenat), ii. 398, 400n;

gates of, 399, 400n–401n

Sonagar-pattanam, ii. 372n

Soncara (Shawankára), i. 83, 85n

Sonder Bandi Davar, _see_ Sundara Pandi

Sondur and Condur (Pulo Condore Group), ii. 276, 277n

Sorcerers, sorceries of Pashai (Udyana), i, 164;

Kashmir, 166, 168n, 301, ii. 593n;

Lamas and Tibetans, _ib._, 314n–318n

—— Dagroian, ii. 293, 298n;

Socotra, 407, 410n.

(_See_ also Conjurers.)

Sornau (Shahr-i-Nau), Siam, ii. 279n

Sotiates, tribe of Aquitania, ii. 348n

Soucat, ii. 277

Southey, _St Romuald_, ii. 84n

Spaan, Ispahan, i. 85n

Sposk, district, i. 7n

_Spezerie_, i. 43n

Spice, Spicery, i. 41, 60, 107, 205, 302, 382, 441, ii. 49, 56, 66,

115, 116, 123, 202, 216, 234, 264, 272, 284, 389, 390n, 423, 438,

450

Spice wood, i. 405, 409n

Spices in China, duty on, ii. 216

Spikenard, ii. 115, 272, 284, 287n, 390

Spinello Aretini, fresco by, i. 118n

Spirit drawings and spiritual flowers, i. 460n

Spirits haunting deserts, i. 197, 209n, 274

Spiritualism in China, i. 325n

Spitoons, pocket, i. 458, 462n

Spodium (Spodos), i. 125, 126n

Sport and game, i. 41, 88, 91, 149, 151, 153, 158, 160, 171, 223,

252, 260, 275, 285, 296, 299, 397, 400–406, 411;

in Shan-si, ii. 22;

Cachanfu, 24;

Cuncun, 31;

Acbalec Manzi, 34;

Tibet, 50;

Caindu, 56;

Zardandan, 85;

Mien, 111;

Linju, 140;

Cagu, 153;

Nanghin, 157;

Saianfu, 158;

Ching-hiang-fu, 176;

Chinginju, 178;

Changan, 182;

Kinsay, 201, 207, 219;

Fuju, 225, 226, 234;

Lambri, 299;

Maabar, 345;

Comari, 382;

Eli, 386

Springolds, ii. 161n

Springs, hot, i. 110, 122n

Sprinkling of drink, a Tartar rite, i. 300, 308n

Squares at Kinsay, ii. 201, 209n

Sri-Thammarat, ii. 278n

Sri-Vaikuntham, ii. 374n

Sse River, ii. 139n

Stack, E., visits Kuh Banán, i. 126n

Star Chart, ii. 314n

Star of Bethlehem, traditions about, i. 82n

Steamers on Yangtse-kiang, ii. 173n

Steel mines at Kermán, i. 90, 92n;

in Chingintalas, 212;

Indian, 93n, 94n;

Asiatic view of, 94n

Stefani, Signor, i. 7, ii. 507n

Stein, Dr. M. A., on Sorcery in Kashmir, ii. 593n;

on Paonano Pao, 593n;

on Pamirs, 593n–594n;

on site of Pein, 595n

Stiens of Cambodia, ii. 82n, 97n

Stirrups, short and long, ii. 78, 82n

Stitched vessels, i. 108, 117n

Stockade erected by Polo’s party in Sumatra, ii. 292

Stone, miracle of the, at Samarkand, i. 185, 187n

—— the green, i. 187n

—— towers in Chinese cities, ii. 189

—— umbrella column, ii. 212n

Stones giving invulnerability, ii. 259, 263n

Suákin, ii. 439n

Submersion of part of Ceylon, ii. 313, 314n

Subterraneous irrigation, i. 89n, 123, 124n

Suburbs of Cambaluc, i. 412

Subutai, Mongol general, i. 8n, ii. 168n

Su-chau (Suju), ii. 179, 181, 199n;

plan of, 183n, 184n

Suchnan River, i. 172n

Sudarium, the Holy, i. 213

Súddhodhana, ii. 322n

Sugar, Bengal, ii. 115;

manufactured, 215, 231;

art of refining, 226, 230n;

of Egypt and China, 231

Suh-chau (Sukchur), i. 217, 218n, 282n

Suicides before an idol, ii. 340, 349n

Sukchur, province Sukkothai, i. 217

Sukkothai, ii. 278n, 279n

_Suḳlát_, broadcloth, i. 283n

Sukum Kala’, i. 57n

Suleiman, Sultan, i. 17n, 44n, ii. 74n, 80n

Sulphur and quicksilver, potion of longevity, ii. 365, 369n

Sultaniah, Monument at, ii. 478n.

(See Soltania.)

Sultan Shah, of Badakhshan, i. 163n

Sumatra (Java the Less), _23_, _120_, i. 34, ii. 288n, 300n–301n;

described, its kingdoms, 284, 286n, 287n;

circuit, 284, 286n

Sumatra, Samudra, city and kingdom of (Samara for Samatra), ii. 292,

306n;

legend of origin, 294n;

Ibn Batuta there, 294n;

its position, 295n;

latest mention of, 296n;

wine-pots, 297n

Sumbawa, ii. 287n

Summers, Professor, ii. 277n

Sumutala, Sumuntala, _see_ Sumatra

Sun and moon, trees of the, i. 130n

Sundara Pandi Devar (Sondar Bandi Davar), king in Ma’bar, ii. 331;

his death, 333n;

Dr. Caldwell’s views about, 333n, 334n

Sundar Fúlát (Pulo Condore Group), ii. 277n

Sung, a native dynasty reigning in S. China till Kúblái’s conquest,

_12_, i. 38n, ii. 135, 151n, 194n;

their paper-money, effeminacy, 20n, 150n, 207, 208, 211n;

cremation, 135n;

Kúblái’s war against, 148n, 149n;

end of them, 167n, 168n

Sunnis and Shias, i. 160n

Suolstan (Shulistan), a kingdom in Persia, i. 83, 85n

Superstitions in Tangut, the devoted sheep or ram (_Tengri Tockho_),

i. 204, 207n;

the dead man’s door, 205, 209n;

as to chance shots, 439;

in Carajan, ii. 79, 82n, 84n;

devil-dancing, 86;

property of the dead, 111;

Sumatran, 293, 298n;

Malabar, 339 _seqq._;

as to omens, 343–344, 364–365

Sur-Raja, ii. 374n

Survival, instances of, ii. 93n

Sushun, Regent of China, execution of (1861), i. 428n

Su-tásh, the Jadek, i. 193n

Suttees in S. India, ii. 341, 349n;

of men, 340

_Svastika_, sacred symbol of the Bonpos, i. 324n

Swans, wild, at Chagan-Nor, i. 296

Swat, i. 178n

—— River, i. 164n

Swi-fu, ii. 131n

Sword blades of India, i. 93n, 96n

Syghinan, _see_ Shighnan

Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, i. 102n, 106n, 113n, 114n, 119n, 124n,

126n, 127n, 128n

Sylen (Ceylon), ii. 426n

Symbolical messages, Scythian and Tartar, ii. 497n–498n

Syrian Christians, ii. 377n _seqq._, 433n

_Syrrhaptes Pallasii_, _see_ Barguerlac

Szechényi, Count, i. 207n

Sze-ch’wan (Ch’eng-tu), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n, 37n, 40n, 42n, 45n, 46n,

48n, 58n, 60n, 69n, 128n, 131n, 134n;

aborigines, 60n

Tabashir, ii. 263n, 396n

Tabbas, i. 124n

Table of the Great Khan, i. 381

Tables, how disposed at Mongol feasts, i. 384n

Tablet, Emperor’s, adored with incense, i. 391, 393n

Tablets of Authority, Golden (_Páizah_), presented by Khan to Polos,

i. 15, 16, 34, 35;

lion’s head and gerfalcon, 35, 351;

bestowed on distinguished captains, inscription, 350, 351n–354n;

cat’s head, 356n;

granted to governors of different rank, 431

—— worshipped by Cathayans, i. 456, 458n

Tabriz (Tauris), i. 17n, 74, 76n

Tachindo, _see_ Ta-t’sien-lu

Tacitus, _Claustra Caspiorum_, Pass of Derbend, i. 53n

Tactics, Tartar, i. 262, 265n, ii. 460

Tacuin, i. 447, 448n

Tadinfu, ii. 136

Taeping Insurrection and Devastations, ii. 154n, 158n, 173n, 176n,

177n, 179n, 184n, 196n, 222n

Taeping, or Taiping, Sovereigns’ effeminate customs, ii. 20n

Taffetas, ii. 10n

Taft, near Yezd, turquoise at, i. 92n

Tafurs, i. 313n

Tagachar, ii. 471, 474n

Tagaung, ii. 107n, 111n, 113n

Tagharma Pass, i. 172n, ii. 594n

Tághdúngbásh River, i. 175n

Taianfu (T’ai-yuan-fu), king of N. China, ii. 12, 14n, 15n

Taiani, ii. 432n

Taican, _see_ Talikan

Taichau (Tigu), ii. 154n

T’aiching-Kwan, ii. 26n

Taidu, Daitu, Tatu, Kúblái’s new city of Cambaluc, i. 305n, 306n,

374, 375n

Taikung, _see_ Tagaung

Tailed men, in Sumatra, ii. 299, 301n;

elsewhere, 301n–302n;

English, 302n

Tailors, none in Maabar, ii. 338

Taimúni tribe, i. 100n

Taiting-fu (Tadinfu), or Yenchau, ii. 137n

Taitong-fu, _see_ Tathung

Tai-tsu, Emperor, i. 428n

T’ai Tsung, Emperor, ii. 15n, 28n

Taiyang Khan (Great King), king of the Naimans, ii. 20n

Tajiks of Badakhshan, great topers, i. 153, 155n

Takfúr, ii. 148n

Takhtapul, i. 152n

Táki-uddin, Abdu-r Rahmán, ii. 333n

Takla-Makan, i. 190n

Talains, ii. 74n

Talas River, ii. 459n

Tali, gold mines, ii. 81n

Talifu (Carajan), ii. 67n, 76n, 79n, 80n, 105n, 107n, 111n

Talikan, Thaikan (Taican), i. 153, 154n, 163n

Tallies, record by, ii. 86, 96n

Tamarind, pirates’ use of, ii. 392, 394n

Tamerlan, i. 8n

Tana (Azov), _9_, _43_, _72_, i. 4n, 6n, 19n

—— near Bombay, kingdom of, ii. 395, 396n, 403n, 426n, 440n

Tana-Maiambu, ii. 396n

Tana-Malayu, ii. 281n, 283n

Tánasi cloth, ii. 396n

Tanduc, _see_ Tenduc

T’ang dynasty, ii. 28n, 194n, 278n

Tangnu Oola, branch of Altai, i. 215n

Tangut province, Chinese Si Hia, or Ho Si, i. 29n, 203, 214n, 217,

219, 220n, 223, 224n, 245n, 274, 276n, 281;

five invasions of, 281n

Tangutan, term applied to Tibetan speaking people round the Koko-nor,

i. 206n

Tanjore, ii. 334n, 335n;

Suttee at, 349n;

Pagoda at, 352n;

fertility of, 368n

Tánkíz Khan, applied to Chinghiz, i. 247n

Tanpiju (Shaohing?), ii. 218

Tantras, Tantrika, Tantrists, i. 315n, 323n, 326n

Tao-lin, a Buddhist monk, i. 165n

Tao-sze (Taossé), sect, i. 321n–325n;

female idols of the, 303, 327n

Ta-pa-Shan range, ii. 34n, 35n

Taprobana, mistakes about, ii. 295n

Tarakai, ii. 475n

Tarantula, ii. 346, 364

_Tarcasci_, i. 366n

Tarem, or Tárum, i. 86n, 122n

Tares of the parable, i. 122n

Taríkh-i-Rashídí, i. 194n

Tarmabala, Kúblái’s grandson, i. 361n

_Tarok_, Burmese name for Chinese, ii. 113n

Tarok Man and Tarok Myo, ii. 113n

Tartar language, i. 12;

on Tartar, its correct form, 12n;

misuse by Ramusio, 458n

Tartars, i. 1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 50, 90, 97, 99, 110n, 121n, 151;

different characters used by, 28n;

identified with Gog and Magog, 57n;

ladies, 76n;

their first city, 226;

original country, tributary to Prester John, _ib._;

revolt and migration, 227;

earliest mention of the word, 230n;

make Chinghiz their king, 238;

his successors, 245;

their customs and religion, 249n, 251, 256;

houses, 252, 253n;

waggons, 252, 254n;

chastity of their women, 252, 256n;

polygamy, etc., 252, 256n;

their gods and idols, 256;

their drink (Kumiz), 257, 259n;

cloths, 257, 295n;

arms, horses, and war customs, 260–263;

military organization, 261, 263n;

sustenance on rapid marches, 261;

blood-sucking, 261, 264n;

portable curd, 262, 265n;

tactics in war, 262, 265n;

degeneracy, 263, 266n;

administration of justice, 266;

laws against theft, 266, 268n;

posthumous marriage, 267, 268n;

the cudgel, 266, 267n;

Rubruquis’ account of, 236n;

Joinville’s, 237n;

custom before a fight, 337;

want of charity to the poor, 445;

conquerors of China, history of, ii. 20;

excellence in archery, 102;

objection to meddling with things pertaining to the dead, 111;

admiration of the Polo mangonels, 160;

employment of military engines, 168n;

their cruelties, 180n;

arrows, 460;

marriage customs, i. 33n, 252–253, ii. 467

—— in the Far North, ii. 479

—— of the Levant, _see_ Levant

—— of the Ponent, _see_ Ponent

Tartary cloths, i. 257, 295n

Tarungares, tribe, ii. 298n

Tásh Kurgán, i. 172n, ii. 594n

Tataríya coins, i. 12n

Tathung, or Taitongfu, i. 245n, 286n, 289n

Ta-t’sien-lu, or Tachindo, Tartsédo, ii. 45n, 48n, 49n, 52n, 60n,

67n, 70n

Ta Tsing River, ii. 137n, 143n

Tattooing, ii. 84, 90n, 117, 119n, 131n, 235, 242n, 297n;

artists in, 235, 242n

Tatu (Taichu), i. 374

—— River, ii. 61n

Tauris, _see_ Tabriz

Taurizi, Torissi, i. 74, 75n

Tawálisi, ii. 465n

Taxes, _see_ Customs, Duties

Tchakiri Mondou (Modun), i. 404, 408n

_Tchekmen_, thick coarse cotton stuff, i. 190n

Tea-houses at Kingszé, ii. 196n

Tea trees in E. Tibet, ii. 59n

Tebet, _see_ Tibet

Tedaldo, _see_ Theobald

Teeth, custom of casing in gold, ii. 84, 88n–91n

—— of Adam or of Buddha, ii. 319, 329n–330n

—— conservation of, by Brahmans, ii. 365

Tegana, ii. 471

Teghele, Atabeg of Lúr, i. 85n

Teimur (Temur), Kúblái’s grandson and successor, i. 360, ii. 149, 459n

Tekla, Hamainot, ii. 356

Tekrit, i. 61n

Telingana, _see_ Tilinga

Telo Samawe, ii. 295n

Tembul (Betel), chewing, ii. 371, 374n

Temkan, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Temple, connection of Cilician Armenia with Order of, i. 24n

—— Master of the, i. 23, 24n

Temple’s account of the Condor, ii. 417n

Temujin, _see_ Chinghiz

Tenduc, or Tanduc, plain of, i. 240, 241;

province of, 284, 286n

Tengri, Supreme deity of Tartars, i. 257n–258n

Tennasserim, ii. 279n;

(Tanasari), 314n

Tents, the Khan’s, i. 404, 409n

Terebinth, i. 125n;

of Mamre, 132n, 135n

_Terlán_, goshawk, i. 57n

Teroa Mountains, ii. 420n

Terra Australis, ii. 274n

Te-Tsung, Emperor, ii. 28n

Thai, Great and Little, ii. 287n;

race, 278n

Thaigin, ii. 25n, 26n

Thai-yuanfu (Taianfu), ii. 12, 14n–17n

_Thard-wahsh_, _see_ Patterns, Beast and Bird

Theft, Tartar punishment of, i. 266, 268n

Theistic worship, i. 456, 458n

Thelasar, ii. 431n

Theobald, or Tedaldo of Piacenza, i. 17, 20, 21n, ii. 593n;

chosen Pope as Gregory X., i. 20;

sends friars with the Polos and presents, 22, 23n

Theodorus, king of Abyssinia, ii. 436n

Theodosius the Great, i. 49n

Theophilus, Emperor of Constantinople, i. 385n

—— missionary, ii. 409n

Thévenot, _Travels_, i. 81n

Thian Shan, i. 175n, 177n, 191n

Thianté-Kiun, i. 286n

Thin l’Evêque, siege of, ii. 163n, 165n

_Thinae_ of Ptolemy, ii. 27n

Tholoman, _see_ Coloman

Thomas, Edward, i. 87n, ii. 115n, 164n

—— of Mancasola, Bishop of Samarcand, i. 186n

Thread, Brahmanical, ii. 363

Three kingdoms (San-Kwé), ii. 38n

Threshold, a great offence to step on the, i. 383, 385n

Thurán Shah’s History of Hormuz, i. 120n

Tibet (Tebet) province, ii. 42, 49;

boundary of, 49, 52n;

its acquisition by Mongols, 46n;

organisation under Kúblái, 46n;

dogs of, 45, 49, 52n

Tibetan language and character, i. 29n;

origin of the Yue-chi, 174n

Tibetans, i. 165n;

superstitions of, 208n, 209n;

and Kashmiris (Tebet and Keshimur), sorceries of, 301, 315n;

accused of cannibalism, 301, 312n

Tides in Hang-chau estuary, ii. 150n, 208n

Tierce, half tierce, etc., hours of, ii. 364, 368n

Tiflis, i. 49n, 57n, 58n

Tigado, Castle of, i. 148n

Tigers (called lions by Polo), ii. 225, 231n, 411;

trained to the chase, i. 397, 399n;

in Cuncun, ii. 31;

in Caindu, 56;

Kwei-chau, 127n.

(_See_ also Lions.)

Tigris River (Volga), i. 5, 9n;

at Baghdad, 63, 64n

Tigúdar (Acomat Soldan), ii. 468n

Tiju, ii. 153, 154n

Tiles, enamelled, i. 364, 370n

Tilinga, Telingana, Tiling, Telenc, ii. 362n, 427n

Tiling, ii. 427n

Timur of Toumen, chief of the Nikoudrians, i. 102n

Timur the Great, i. 5n, 9n, 45n, 49n, 52n, 61n, 86n, 152n, 155n,

187n, ii. 166n

Timurids, the, i. 85n

Ting, 10 taels of silver = tael of gold, i. 427n, ii. 217n, 218n

Tinju, ii. 153, 154n

Tinnevelly, ii. 359n, 373n, 403n

Tithe on clothing material, i. 445

Tithing men, Chinese (_Pao-kia_), ii. 200n

Titus, Emperor, i. 66n

Tjajya, _see_ Choiach

Toba race, i. 205n

Toctai, king, _see_ Toktai

Tod, Colonel James, i. 104n, 114n, 169n, 183n

Toddy, _see_ Wine of Palm

Togan, ii. 471, 474n

Toghrul I., i. 49n

—— Shah of Kermán, i. 113n

Toghon Temur, last Mongol Emperor, i. 228n;

his wail, 305n

Togrul Wang Khan, _see_ Prester John

Toka Tumir, i. 8n

Tokat, i. 45n

Toktai Khan (Toctai, Lord of the Ponent), _72_, ii. 487, 491, 496;

wars with Noghai, 499;

his symbolic message, 497n, 498n

Tolan-nur (Dolonnúr), i. 26n

Toleto, John de, Cardinal Bishop of Portus, i. 21n

Tolobuga, ii. 496, 497n

Toman (Tuman, etc.), Mongol word for 10,000, i. 261, 263n, ii. 192,

200n, 217n, 218n, 462n

Tongking, Tungking, ii. 119n, 120n, 128n, 131n

Tooth-relique of Buddha, ii. 319–320;

history of, 329n–330n

Torchi, Dorjé, Kúblái’s first-born, i. 361n

Tornesel, i. 423, 426n

Torro River, i. 345n

Torshok, ii. 489n

Torture by constriction in raw hide, i. 262n

_Toscaul_, _tosḳáúl_ (_toscaol_), watchman, i. 403, 407n

Tournefort, on cold at Erzrum, i. 49n

Tower and Bell Alarm at Peking, i. 375, 378n;

at Kinsay, ii. 189

Toyan (Tathung?), i. 286n

Trade at Layas, i. 41;

by Baghdad, 63;

at Tauris, 75;

at Cambaluc, 415;

in Shan-si, ii. 22;

on the Great Kiang, 36, 170;

at Chinangli, 135;

at Sinju Matu, 138;

Kinsay, 187, 190, 202, 216;

Fu-chau 231;

Zayton 234;

Java, 272;

Malaiur, 280;

Cail, 370;

Coilum, 375;

Melibar, 389;

Tana, 395;

Cambaet, 398;

Kesmacoran, 401;

Socotra, 407

—— of India with Hormuz, i. 107;

with Egypt by Aden, ii. 438, 439n;

with Esher, 442;

with Dofar, 444;

with Calatu, 450

Trades in Manzi, alleged to be hereditary, ii. 186, 196n

_Tramontaine_, ii. 296n

Transmigration, i. 456, ii. 213n, 318–319

Traps for fur animals, ii. 481, 483n

Travancore, ii. 383n, 403n;

Rajas of, 380n

Treasure of Maabar kings, ii. 340, 348n–349n

Trebizond, _43_, i. 19n, 36, 46;

Emperors of, and their tails, ii. 302n

Trebuchets, ii. 159, 160n, 161n

Trees, of the Sun and Moon, i. 129n, 130n;

superstitions about, 131n–135n;

by the highways, 440;

camphor, ii. 234, 237n;

producing wine, 292, 297n, 300, 313;

producing flour (sago), 300, 304n–305n

_Tregetoures_, i. 386n

Trench, Archbishop, i. 201n, ii. 82n

Trevisano, Azzo, _8_, _17_, _25_, _65_

—— Marc’Antonio, Doge, _8_, _78_

Trincomalee, ii. 337n

Tringano, ii. 279n

Trinkat, ii. 308n

‘Trusty lieges,’ devoted comrades of king of Maabar, ii. 339, 347n

T’sang-chau, ii. 133n, 137n

_T’siang-kiun_ (‘General’), ii. 138n, 261n

Ts’ien-T’ang River, ii. 194n, 198n, 208n, 214n, 220n–222n;

bore in, 150n, 208n

T’si-nan-fu (Chinangli), ii. 137n, 138n

T’sing-chau, ii. 138n

T’sing-ling range, ii. 35n

T’si-ning-chau, ii. 137n, 139n

Tsin-tsun, ii. 229n

Tsiuan-chau, T’swanchau, _see_ Zayton

Tsongkhapa, Tibetan Reformer, i. 315n

Ts’uan-chou, _see_ Zayton

Tsukuzi in Japan, ii. 260n

Tsung-ngan-hien, ii. 224n

Tsushima, Island, ii. 260n

Tuan, Prince, chief of the Boxers, i. 282n

_Tuc_, _tuk_, _tugh_, commanders of 100,000, horse-tail or yak-tail

standard, i. 261, 263n

Tudai, Ahmad Khan’s wife, ii. 471n

Tudai-Mangku (Totamangu or Totamangul), ii. 491, 492n, 496, 497n, 499

Tu-fan, ancient name of Tibet, ii. 46n

Tughan, Tukan, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n, ii. 270n

Tughlak Shah, of Delhi (a Karaunah), i. 101n

Tuktugai Khan, i. 9n

Tu-ku-hun, i. 193n

Tuli, or Tulin, fourth son of Chinghiz, ii. 32n

Tuman, _see_ Toman

Tumba, Angelo di, _25_;

Marco di, _65_

Tún, city of E. Persia, i. 86n, 124n

Tung-’an in Fokien, ii. 243n

_Tungani_, or Converts, Mahomedans in N. China and Chinese Turkestan,

i. 291n

Tung-chau (Tinju), ii. 154n

Tung-hwang-hien, ancient Shachau, i. 206n

Tung-kwan, fortress of the Kin sovereigns, ii. 14n, 25n, 27n

_Tung-lo_ (Kumiz), i. 259n

Tunguses, i. 271n

Tunny fish, i. 108, 416n, ii. 442

Tun-o-kain (Tunocain), kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 86n, 127, 128n,

138n, 145n

Turbit (radex Turpethi), ii. 389, 391n

Turcomania (Anatolian Turkey), i. 43

Turgaut, day-watch, i. 381n

Turkey, Great (Turkestan), i. 191, ii. 286n, 452, 457, 458, 462, 477

Turkistan chiefs send mission to kings of India, ii. 370n

Turkmans and Turks, distinction between, i. 44n, 101n;

horses, 43, 44n

Turks, ancient mention of, i. 56;

friend of Polo’s, 213;

and Mongols, 294n

Turmeric, ii. 226n

Turner, Lieutenant Samuel, describes Yak of Tartary, i. 277n

Turquans, Turkish horses, i. 43

Turquoises in Kermán, i. 90, 92n;

in Caindu, ii. 53

Turtle doves, i. 97, 99n

Turumpak, Hormuz, i. 111n

Tutia (Tutty), preparation of, i. 125, 126n, ii. 398

Tuticorin, ii. 372n

Tu T’song, Sung Emperor of China, ii. 150n, 211n

Tver, ii. 489n

Twelve, a favourite round number, ii. 426n

—— Barons over Khan’s Administration, i. 430, ii. 154

Twigs or arrows, divination by, i. 241, 242n

Tyuman, ii. 481n

Tyunju, porcelain manufacture, ii. 235, 242n

Tylor, Dr. E. B., on _Couvade_, ii. 93n, 94n

Tzarev, i. 6n

Tzaritzyn, i. 6n, 57n

Ucaca (Ukak, Ukek, Uwek), i. 5, 8n, 9n;

Ukák of Ibn Batuta, a different place, ii. 488n

Uch-baligh, _134_

Uch-Multán, i. 86n

Udoe country, ii. 42, 598n

Udong, ii. 279n

Udyána, i. 164n

Ughuz, legend of, ii. 485n

Uighúr character, parent of present Mongol writing, i. 14n, 28n,

160n, 353n

Uighúrs, the, i. 76n, 214n, 227n, ii. 179n, 462n

Uiraca, i. 282n

Uirad, _see_ Oirad

Ujjain, legend of, ii. 349n;

(_Ozene_), 397n, 426n

Ukak, ii. 488n.

(_See_ Ucaca.)

Ulatai (Oulatay), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n, ii. 471, 474n

Ulakhai, i. 282n

Ulan Muren (Red River), i. 250n

Ulugh Bagh, on Badakhshan border, i. 154n

—— Mohammed, i. 8n

Ulús, the, i. 10n

U-man and Pe-man (Black and White Barbarians), ii. 73n

Umbrellas, i. 351, 354n, 355n

Unc Can (Aung Khan), _see_ Prester John

Ung (Ungkút), Tartar tribe, i. 285, 294n

Ungrat (Kungurat), Tartar tribe, i. 357, 358n

Unicorn (Rhinoceros), in Burma, ii. 107;

Sumatra, 285, 289, 299;

legend of Virgin and, 285, 290n;

horns of, 291n

Unken, City, ii. 226, 229n, 230n, 233n

Unlucky hours, ii. 364

U-nya-Mwezi superstition, i. 130n

Urduja, Princess, ii. 465n

Uriangkadai, ii. 46n

Uriangkut (Tunguses), i. 271n

Urianhai, the, i. 271n

Urumtsi, i. 201n, 214n

Urzú, i. 122n

Uspenskoye (called also Bolgarskoye), i. 7n

Uttungadeva, king of Java, ii. 275n

Uwek, _see_ Ucaca

Uzbeg Khan of Sarai, i. 4n, 6n, 352n

Uzbegs of Kunduz, i. 156n, 163n

Uzun Tati, coins, Chinese porcelain from, ii. 595n

Vair, the fur and animal, i. 257, ii. 479, 483n, 484n, 486n, 487

—— as an epithet of eyes, _124_

Valaghir district, i. 54n

Vámbéry, Prof. Hermann, i. 10n, 28n, 54n, 57n, 170n, 214n, 237n,

401n, ii. 465

Vanchu (Wangchu), conspires with Chenchu against Ahmad, i. 417–419,

422n

Van Lake, i. 57n

Varaegian, Varangian, ii. 490n

Varaha Mihira, astronomer, i. 104n

Vardoj River, i. 156n, 172n

_Varini_, ii. 490n

Varsach, or Mashhad River, i. 155n, 156n

_Vasmulo_, i. 292n

_Vateria Indica_, ii. 396n

Veil of the Temple, πέπλος βαβυλώνιος, i. 66

Vellalars, ii. 372n

Venádan, title of king of Kaulam, ii. 380n

Venetians, factory at Soldaia, i. 4n;

expelled from Constantinople, 19n

Venice, _2_, _15_, _16_, i. 2, 18, 19, 36, 41;

return of Polos to, _4_, _24_, _54_, i. 36;

its exaltation after Latin conquest of Constantinople, _9_;

its nobles, _14_;

Polo’s mansion at, _23_ _seqq._;

galleys, _32_ _seqq._;

archives at, _70_ _seqq._;

articles brought from East by Marco to, i. 274, ii. 299, 305n

Ventilators at Hormuz, ii. 452, 453n

Verlinden, Belgian missionary, i. 249n

_Verniques_, i. 382, 384n

_Verzino Colombino_, ii. 380n.

(_See_ also Brazil.)

Vessels, war, i. 34, 37n;

stitched of Kermán (πλοιάρια ῥαπτά), i. 108, 117n, ii. 415n;

on the Kiang, 170, 171, 173n.

(_See_ also Ships.)

Vial, Paul, French missionary, ii. 63n

Vijayanagar, 362n

Vikramajit, legend of, ii. 349n

Vikrampúr, ii. 99n

Villard de Honnecourt, Album of, ii. 164n

Vincent of Beauvais, ii. 325n

Vincenzo, P., ii. 410n

Vineyards, in Taican, i. 153;

Kashgar, 181;

Khotan, 188;

in N. China, ii. 10, 11n, 13, 15n

Vinson, Prof., on _Couvade_, ii. 91n

Virgin of Cape Comorin, ii. 382n

Visconti, Tedaldo, or Tebaldo, _see_ Theobald of Piacenza

Vissering, on _Chinese Currency_, i. 428n, 429n

Vochan (Unchan, Yungchan), ii. 84, 86, 89n;

battle there, 98, 101, 104n–106n

Vogels, J., ii. 601n, 602n

Vokhan, _see_ Wakhán

Volga, called Tigris, i. 5, 7n, 9n, ii. 485n, 488n

Vos, Belgian Missionary, i. 249n

Vughin, ii. 182

Vuju in Kiangnan, ii. 182

—— in Che-kiang, ii. 219

Wadoe tribe, ii. 420n

Wakf, i. 67n

Wakhán (Vokhan), dialect, i. 162n, 171, 173n

—— Mountains, i. 162n, 175n

Wakhjīr Pass, i. 175n, ii. 594n

Wakhijrui Pass, _see_ Wakhjīr Pass

Wakhsh, branch of the Oxus, ii. 5n

Wakhtang II. king of Georgia, i. 53n

Walashjird, i. 106n

Wallachs, ii. 489n, 491n

Wall of Alexander (or Caucasian), i. 50, 53n

—— of Gog and Magog (_i.e._ China), _111_, i. 285, 292n

Walnut-oil, i. 158, 162n

Wami River, ii. 420n

_Wang_, Chinese silk, i. 237n, 361n, ii. 113n

Wang, king of Djungar, i. 250n

Wangchu, _see_ Vanchu

Wapila, i. 54n

Warangol Ku, ii. 362n

Warangs, ii. 490n

Warner, Dr., ii. 604n

War vessels, Chinese, i. 34, 37n

Wassáf, the historian, i. 68n;

his character of the Karaunahs, 101n;

notices of Hormuz, 120n, 121n;

eulogy of Kúblái, 332n;

story of Kúblái, 440n;

his style, ii. 150n;

account of taking of Siang-yang, 150n, 167n;

of Kinsay, 213n;

Maabar, 333n;

horse trade to India, 348n;

treatment of them there, 351n;

extract from his history, 495n

Water, bitter, i. 110, 122n, 194

—— custom of lying in, i. 108, 119n;

consecration by Lamas, 309n

—— Clock, i. 378n

Wathek, Khalif, i. 57n

Wa-tzŭ, Lolo slaves, ii. 63n

Weather-conjuring, i. 301, 309n–311n

Wei dynasty, i. 205n, ii. 437n

Weights and measures, ii. 590n–592n

Wei-ning, ii. 130n

Wei River in Shen-si, ii. 27n, 29n, 35n

—— in Shan-tung, ii. 139n

Wen River, ii. 139n

Wen-chow, ii. 239n

Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, ii. 48n, 93n

Whale oil, including spermaceti, i. 108,

117n, ii. 407, 408n

Whales, ii. 249; in Socotra, 407;

Madagascar, 411, 414n;

species of Indian Ocean, 408n;

sperm (Capdoille), 411, 414n

Wheaten bread not eaten, i. 438n;

at Yachi, ii. 66, 74n

White bears, ii. 479

—— bone, Chinese for Lolos, ii. 63n

—— camels, i. 281

—— City, meaning of term among Tartars, i. 297n, ii. 14n

—— City, of Manzi frontier, ii. 34n

—— Devils, ii. 355, 359n

—— Feast at Kúblái’s City, i. 390, 392n

—— Horde, ii. 481n

—— horses and mares, i. 300, 390;

offered to Khan, 308n

Whittington and his cat in Persia, i. 65n

Wild asses and oxen, _see_ Asses and Oxen

William of Tripoli, Friar, i. 22;

his writings, 23n, 24n

Williams, Dr. S. W., on the Chinese year, i. 388n;

on elephants at Peking, 392n

Williamson, Rev. A., i. 135n, 217n, ii. 8n, 11n, 12n, 15n, 16n, 137n

Wilson, General Sir C., i. 45n

Wind, poison (Simúm), i. 108, 120n;

monsoons, ii. 264–265

Wine, of the vine, Persians lax in abstaining from, i. 84, 87n, 96n

—— boiled, i. 84, 87n, 153n, 155n

—— of ancient Kapisa, i. 155n; Khotan, 188;

at Taianfu, ii. 13, 16n;

imported at Kinsay, 202

—— rice (_Samshu_ or _darásún_), i. 441;

and of wheat, ii. 56, 59n;

at Yachi, 66, 85;

spices, etc., in Caindu, 56;

Kien-ch’ang, 59n, 85;

Cangigu, 117;

Coloman 123;

Kinsay, 202, 204, 216

—— Palm (toddy), ii. 292, 297n, 376

—— from sugar, ii. 376, 442

—— date, i. 107, 115n, ii. 292, 297n, 442

—— (unspecified), at Khan’s table, i. 382;

not used in Ma’bar, ii. 342;

nor by Brahmans, 363

“Winter” used for “rainy season,” ii. 391n

Wo-fo-sze, “Monastery of the lying Buddha,” i. 221n

Wolves in Pamir, i. 171, 176n

Women, Island of, ii. 405n–406n

Women, of Kerman, their embroidery, i. 90;

mourners, 109;

of Khorasan, their beauty, 128;

of Badakhshan, 160;

Kashmir, 166;

Khotan, 191;

Kamul, fair and wanton, 210;

Tartar good and loyal, 252;

Erguiul, pretty creatures, 276;

of the town, 414, ii. 202;

of Tibet, evil customs, 44;

Caindu, 53;

Carajan, 66;

Zardandan, _couvade_, 85;

Anin, 116;

Kinsay, charming, 186;

respectful treatment of, 204;

Kelinfu, beautiful, 225;

Zanghibar, frightful, 423

Wonders performed by the Bacsi, i. 314 _et seqq._

Wood, Lieutenant John, Indian Navy, _20_, i. 156n;

his elucidations of Polo in Oxus regions, i. 174n

Wood-oil, ii. 251n, 252n

Wool, Salamander’s, i. 213, 216n

Worship of Mahomet (supposed), i. 188, 189n

—— of fire, 303;

Tartar, 256, 257;

Chinese, 456

—— of first object seen in the day, ii. 284, 288n

Worshipping the tablets, i. 391, 392n

Wu-chau (Vuju), ii. 222n

Wukiang-hien (Vughin), ii. 184n

Wüsus, or Wesses, people of Russia, ii. 486n

Wu-ti, Emperor, ii. 437n

Wylie, Alexander, _76_, i. 2n, 8n, 322n, 377n, 451n, 454n, ii. 19n,

28n, 38n, 169n, 184n, 194n, 209n, 212n

_Xanadu_, i. 305n

Xavier, at Socotra, ii. 409n

Xerxes, i. 135n

Ya-chau, ii. 45n, 48n, 70n

Yachi (Yun-nan-fu), city, ii. 66, 67n, 72n, 74n, 80n, 111n

_Yadah_, _Jadagari_, _Jadah-tásh_, science and stone of

weather-conjurer, i. 309n

Yaik River, i. 6n

Yájúj, and Májúj, _see_ Gog and Magog

Yak (dong), i. 274, 277n;

their tails carried to Venice, 274;

used in India for military decorations, ii. 355, 359n

Ya’kúb Beg of Kasghar, i. 189n

Yakuts, i. 309n, 446n, ii. 484n

Yalung River, ii. 67n, 69n, 72n

Yam, or Yamb (a post-stage or post-house), i. 433, 437n, ii. 213n

Yamgán, i. 162n

Yang-chau (Yanju), city, i. 29n, 432n, ii. 154n, 173n;

Marco’s government there, _22_, ii. 154, 157n

Yarbeg of Badakhshan, i. 156n

Yarkand (Yarcan), i. 187

_Yarligh_ and _P’aizah_, i. 322n, 352n

Yasdi (Yezd), i. 88

—— silk tissue, i. 88

_Yashm_, jade, i. 193n

Yasodhara, bride of Sakya Sinha, ii. 323n

Yavanas, ii. 372n

Yazdashír, i. 92n

Ydifu, i. 285, 295n

Year, Chinese, i. 388;

Mongol and Chinese cycle, 447, 454n

Yelimala, _see_ Monté d’Ely

Yeliu Chutsai, statesman and astronomer, ii. 17n

Yellow, or orthodox Lamas, i. 315n, 324n

Yemen, ii. 432n, 433n, 440n, 441n, 445n.

(_See_ also Aden.)

Yeng-chau (in Shan-tung), ii. 137n, 139n

—— (in Che-kiang), ii. 222n

Yen-king (Old Peking), i. 375n, 376n

Yen-Ping, ii. 230n

Yenshan, ii. 224n

Yesubuka, ii. 474n

Yesudar, ii. 459

Yesugai, father of Chinghiz, i. 237n

Yetsina (Etzina), i. 223

Yezd (Yasdi), i. 88;

silk fabrics of, ii. 11

Yiu-ki River, ii. 230n

Yoritomo, descendants of, ii. 262n

Yonting Ho River, ii. 6n

Yotkàn, village, i. 190n

Youth, Island of, ii. 381n

Yrac, province, i. 74

Ysemain of Hiulie, western engineer, ii. 167n

Yu, _see_ Jade

Yuan Ho, i. 29n

Yu-chow, gold and silver mines, i. 295n

Yue-chi, i. 174n

Yuen, Mongol Imperial dynasty, so styled, i. 29n, 377n

Yuen-hao, kingdom of Tangut, i. 282n

Yuen ming-yuen, palace, i. 307n

Yuen shi, History of Mongol Dynasty in China, i. 115n, 248n, 295n,

ii. 95n

Yugria, or Yughra, in the Far North, ii. 483n, 485n, 493n

Yuh-shan, ii. 222n, 224n

Yule, Sir Henry, ii. 602n;

on Ravenala, 597n;

on Maundeville, 604n

Yun-Hien, a Buddhist Abbot, i. 304n

Yung-chang fu (Shen-si), i. 276n

—— (Yun-nan, Vochan), ii. 84, 89n, 104n, 105n, 107n–109n

Yung Lo, Emperor, ii. 596n

Yun-nan (Carajan), province, ii. 40n, 45n, 56n, 57n, 59n–62n, 64,

67n, 72n, 80n, 81n, 82n, 90n, 95n, 104n, 107n, 115n, 120n, 124n,

127n–129n;

conquerors of, 46n, 80n;

Mahomedans, 74n

Yun-nan-fu city, _see_ Yachi

Yurungkásh (white Jade) River, i. 193n

Yusuf Kekfi, i. 85n

Yuthia, Ayuthia (Ayodhya), mediæval capital of Siam, _13_, ii. 278n,

279n

Yvo of Narbonne, i. 12n

Zabedj, ii. 283n

Zaila, ii. 413n, 435n, 436n

Zaitúníah, probable origin of satin, ii. 241n

Zampa, _see_ Champa

Zanghibar (Zangibar, Zanjibar, Zanzibar), ii. 405n, 412, 422, 424n;

currents off, 415n;

Ivory trade, 423, 424n;

its blacks, women, 423, 424n

Zanton (Shantung?), _3_

Zanzale, James, or Jacob Baradaeus, Bishop of Edessa, i. 61n

Zapharan, monastery near Baghdad, i. 61n

Zardandan, or “Gold Teeth,” a people of W. Yun-nan, ii. 84, 98;

identity doubtful, 88n;

characteristic customs, 90n

Zarncke, Fr., i. 139n

Zayton, Zaitún, Zeiton, Cayton (T’swan-chau, Chwan-chau, or Chinchew

of modern charts), the great mediæval port of China, ii. 175n,

231, 232n–233n, 234, 237n–243n;

Khan’s revenue from, 235;

porcelain, 235, 242n;

language, 236n, 243n–244n;

etymology, 237n;

mediæval notices, 237 _seqq._;

identity, 239n, 240n;

Chinchew, a name misapplied, 239n;

Christian churches at, 240n, 241n;

ships of, 264

Zayton, Andrew, Bishop of, ii. 237n

Zebák Valley, i. 165n

Zebu, humped oxen, i. 99n

Zedoary, ii. 388n

Zenghi, i. 61n

Zerms (Jerms), ii. 439n

Zerumbet, ii. 388n

Zettani, ii. 241n

Zhafar, _see_ Dhafar

Zic (Circassia), ii. 490, 492n

Zikas, ii. 228n, 309n, 311n

Zimmé, _see_ Kiang-mai

Zinc, i. 126n

Zinj, Zinjis, ii. 424n, 426n

Zobeidah, the lady, i. 156n

Zorza, _see_ Chorcha

Zu-’lḳarnain (Zulcarniain), “the Two Horned,” an epithet of

Alexander, i. 56n, 157, 160n

Zurficar (Zúrpica, Zulficar), a Turkish friend of Marco Polo’s, i. 213

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

- Text enclosed by equals is in blackletter (=blackletter=).

- Text enclosed by ‘|’ is emphasized normal font within an italicized

paragraph (|emphasized|).

- Blank pages have been removed.

- Redundant half-title pages have been removed.

- Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.

- Names spelling, hyphenation, and diacritics are highly variable,

some were standardized when there seemed to be a clear choice.

- There are 3 types of footnotes:

- Normal, marked as ‘[1]’ and moved after the notes.

- Footnotes of footnotes, marked as ‘[A]’ and moved after the

normal footnotes.

- “Notes”, marked as ‘{1}, located and numbered as they are in the

book.

- Page and relative size information has been removed from

illustrations.

- Index has been copied from volume II.